TyroCity: Banking Notes

Database

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Database
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric and images.

Data Storage Hierarchy

Level 0	Bit A	Single binary digit (0 or 1)
Level 1	Character	Multiple related bits are combined to form a character (byte)
Level 2	Field	Multiple related characters are combined to form a field
Level 3	Record	Multiple related fields are combined to form a record
Level 4	Table	Multiple records are combined to form a table
Level 5	Database	Multiple related tables are integrated to form a database

Components of Database System
Users- People who interact with the database:

Application Programmers
End Users
Data Administrators

Software- Lies between the stored data and the users:

DBMS
Application Software
User Interface

Quality of Information

Accuracy
Times
Relevancy
Completeness

Database Application

MS – Access
My-SQL
SQL
Oracle

Why to use DBMS?

Data Independence
Efficient Data Access
Data Integrity
Data Administration
Concurrent Access and Crash Recovery
Reduced Application Development Time

Database Management System

A database management system (DBMS ) is a collection of software programs that allow a user to define the data types, structures, and constraints for the data; construct permanent storage for the data; and manipulate data by query and update operations. In the specific case of relational databases, the database management software is known as a relational database management system RDBMS.

Database Model
A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model, which uses a table based format.

Hierarchical Model
In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree like structure , implying a single parent for each record. A sort field keeps sibling records in a particular order. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early mainframe database management systems.

Network Model
The network model expands upon the hierarchical structure, allowing many to many relationships in a tree like structure that allows multiple parents. It was most popular before being replaced by the relational model.

Relational Model
A relational database contains multiple tables, each similar to the one in the “flat” database model. One of the strengths of the relational model is that, in principle, any value occurring in two different records (belonging to the same table or to different tables), implies a relationship among those two records. A key that can be used to uniquely identify a row in a table is called a primary key. Keys are commonly used to join or combine data from two or more tables.

Object Oriented Model
The object oriented programming paradigm was applied to database technology, creating a new database model known as object databases for storing objects in a database.

Advantages of DBMS

Make an easy to add new data.
Make easy to modify (change) the database.
Make easy to delete existing data.
Organized the data in proper sequence.
It reduces the data redundancy to a large extent.
It can control data inconsistency to a large extent.
Make easy to access the data for the user.
Allow multiple users to be active at one time; data in the database may be shared among several users.
Protecting data against unauthorized access (security).
Allow for growth in the database system.

Disadvantages of DBMS

Complex to understand and implement
Costly
Too many rules
Fast changing technology
Chance of losing the data
Chance of data leakage and hacking
Unavailability of trained manpower.

Data Security

Encryption
Strong User Authentication
Backup Solutions
Firewall

Some Questions

What is Database? What is the use of Database in Bank?
What is Database Management System? What are the different types of Database model?
What types of database model is used on modern banking system? Justify your answer.

Objectives or Goals of Monetary Policy

Banking Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

The following are the principal objectives of monetary policy:

Full Employment: Full employment has been ranked among the foremost objectives of monetary policy. It is an important goal not only because unemployment leads to wastage of potential output, but also because of the loss of social standing and self-respect.
Price Stability: One of the policy objectives of monetary policy is to stabilize the price level. Both economists and laymen favor this policy because fluctuations in prices bring uncertainty and instability to the economy.
Economic Growth: One of the most important objectives of monetary policy in recent years has been the rapid economic growth of an economy. Economic growth is defined as “the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time.”
Balance of Payments: Another objective of monetary policy since the 1950s has been to maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments.

Instruments of Monetary Policy: The instruments of monetary policy are of two types: first, quantitative, general or indirect; and second, qualitative, selective or direct. They affect the level of aggregate demand through the supply of money, cost of money and availability of credit. Of the two types of instruments, the first category includes bank rate variations, open market operations and changing reserve requirements. They are meant to regulate the overall level of credit in the economy through commercial banks. The selective credit controls aim at controlling specific types of credit. They include changing margin requirements and regulation of consumer credit. We discuss them as under:

Bank Rate Policy
The bank rate is the minimum lending rate of the central bank at which it rediscounts first-class bills of exchange and government securities held by the commercial banks. When the central bank finds that inflationary pressures have started emerging within the economy, it raises the bank rate. Borrowing from the central bank becomes costly and commercial banks borrow less from it.

The commercial banks, in turn, raise their lending rates to the business community and borrowers borrow less from the commercial banks. There is a contraction of credit and prices are checked from rising further. On the contrary, when prices are depressed, the central bank lowers the bank rate.

It is cheap to borrow from the central bank on the part of commercial banks. The latter also lower their lending rates. Businessmen are encouraged to borrow more. Investment is encouraged. Output, employment, income and demand start rising and the downward movement of prices is checked.

Open Market Operations:

Open market operations refer to sale and purchase of securities in the money market by the central bank. When prices are rising and there is need to control them, the central bank sells securities. The reserves of commercial banks are reduced and they are not in a position to lend more to the business community.

Further investment is discouraged and the rise in prices is checked. Contrariwise, when recessionary forces start in the economy, the central bank buys securities. The reserves of commercial banks are raised. They lend more. Investment, output, employment, income and demand rise and fall in price is checked.

Changes in Reserve Ratios
This weapon was suggested by Keynes in his Treatise on Money and the USA was the first to adopt it as a monetary device. Every bank is required by law to keep a certain percentage of its total deposits in the form of a reserve fund in its vaults and also a certain percentage with the central bank.

When prices are rising, the central bank raises the reserve ratio. Banks are required to keep more with the central bank. Their reserves are reduced and they lend less. The volume of investment, output and employment are adversely affected. In the opposite case, when the reserve ratio is lowered, the reserves of commercial banks are raised. They lend more and the economic activity is favorably affected.

Selective Credit Controls

Selective credit controls are used to influence specific types of credit for particular purposes. They usually take the form of changing margin requirements to control speculative activities within the economy. When there is brisk speculative activity in the economy or in particular sectors in certain commodities and prices start rising, the central bank raises the margin requirement on them.

The result is that the borrowers are given less money in loans against specified securities. For instance, raising the margin requirement to 60% means that the pledge of securities of the value of Rs 10,000 will be given 40% of their value, i.e. Rs 4,000 as loan. In case of recession in a particular sector, the central bank encourages borrowing by lowering margin requirements.

Compiled and collected by
Basudev Sharma Poudel(PHD)

History of Computer

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Abacus

The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication and division are slower).

The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east.

Napier’s Bone

John Napier In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms , which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. Ex: log 2 x = 5.

The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier’s Bones.

Slide Rule

Napier’s invention led directly to the slide rule , first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960’s by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon.

Calculating Clock

The first gear driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating clock , so named by its inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.

Blaise Pascal

Fig: 8 Digit Pascaline

Fig: 6 Digit Pascaline (Cheaper)

Fig: Inside Pascaline

In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn’t sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren’t that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision). Up until the present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer portion of a car’s speedometer used the very same.

Charle’s Babbage

By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine .

Difference Engine
This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. He obtained government funding for this project due to the importance of numeric tables in ocean navigation. Construction of Babbage’s Difference Engine proved exceedingly difficult and the project soon became the most expensive government funded project up to that point in English history. Ten years later the device was still nowhere near complete, acrimony Babbage.

Analytical Engine
Babbage was not deterred, and by then was on to his next brainstorm, which he called the Analytic Engine . This device, large as a house and powered by 6 steam engines, It was programmable, thanks to the punched card technology of Jacquard. Babbage saw that the pattern of holes in a punch card could be used to represent an abstract idea such as a problem statement or the raw data required for that Hollerith Desk.

Hollerith Desk

Hollerith’s technique was successful and the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a savings of 5 million dollars.

IBM

Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.

Hollerith’s Innovation

By using punch cards, Hollerith created a way to store and retrieve information. This was the first type of read and write technology.
Examples of Punch Cards:

Mark I

One early success was the Harvard Mark I computer which was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944. This was the first programmable digital computer made in the U.S. But it was not a purely electronic computer. Instead the Mark I was constructed out of switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.

Atanasoff – Berry Computer

One of the earliest attempts to build an all electronic (that is, no gears, cams, belts, shafts, etc.) digital computer occurred in 1937 by J. V. Atanasoff , This machine was the first to store data as a charge on a capacitor, which is how today’s computers store information in their main memory ( DRAM or dynamic RAM ). As far as its inventors were aware, it was also the first to employ binary arithmetic.

Colussus

The Colossus , built during World War II by Britain for the purpose of breaking the cryptographic codes used by Germany. Britain led the world in designing and building electronic machines dedicated to code breaking, and was routinely able to read coded Germany radio transmissions. Not a general purpose, re-programmable machine.

ENIAC

The title of forefather of today’s all electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC , which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert , who got funding from the war department after promising they could build a machine that would replace all the “computers”. ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot ENIAC.

EDVAC

It took days to change ENIAC’s program. Eckert and Mauchly’s next teamed up with the mathematician John von Neumann to design EDVAC , which pioneered the stored program . After ENIAC and EDVAC came other computers with humorous names such as ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC , and, of course, MANIAC.

UNIVAC

The UNIVAC computer was the first commercial (mass produced) computer. In the 50’s, UNIVAC (a contraction of “Universal Automatic Computer”) was the household word for “computer” just as “Kleenex” is for “tissue”. UNIVAC was also the first computer to employ magnetic tape.

FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

First Generation Computer (1940-1956)

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were often enormous and taking up entire room. First generation computers relied on machine language. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat. The first electronic computer was designed at Iowa State between 1939 1942 . The Atanasoff Berry Computer used the binary system(1’s and 0’s). Contained vacuum tubes and stored numbers for calculations by burning holes in paper.

Second Generation Computer (1956- 1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. High level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL Second generation.

Third Generation Computer ( 1964-1971)

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips , called semiconductors. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced First Generation Computers. Transistors were replaced by integrated circuits(IC). One IC could replace hundreds of transistors. This made computers even smaller and faster.

Fourth Generation Computer ( 1971- Present)

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer. From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls on a single chip. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs , the mouse and handheld devices.

Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self organization.

Apple 1 Computer – 1976

The IBM PC

Commodore 64

Apple Macintosh

The Amiga

Windows 3

Macintosh System 7

Apple Newton

Standard UNIX

Power PC

IBM OS/2

Windows 95

Information Security

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

5 Challenges of Internet of Things ( IOT )

Security
Privacy
Standards
Regulation
Development

Security Threats in Bank

Mobile Banking Risks
Social Networks and Web 2.0
Malware, Botnets and DDoS Attacks
Phishing
ACH Fraud: Corporate Account Takeover
Cloud Computing
Inside Attacks
First-Party Fraud
Skimming

Information Security
Information Security refers to the processes and methodologies which are designed and implemented to protect print, electronic, or any other form of confidential, private and sensitive information or data from unauthorized access, use, misuse, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption.

Techniques

Encryption
Authentication
Firewall
Other Security

Encryption

Encryption is the conversion of electronic data into another form, called cypher text , which cannot be easily understood by anyone except authorized parties.

Authentication
The process or action of proving or showing something to be true, genuine, or valid .

Types:

User Authentication
Machine Authentication

Firewall

A firewall is a network security system, either hardware or software based, that uses rules to control incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Data Center Security Design

Data Centers

Some Questions

What is Information Security? What are the techniques of Information Security?
Why it is required to maintain multilevel security in bank?

Hardware

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Hardware
It is Physical Component of a System.

Main Computer Components

Hardware Components

We can categorize hardware components into three broad categories:
Input devices
CPU, the Central Processing Unit and
Output devices
Storage devices or Secondary Memory [For Backup]

Types of Storage devices
i) Primary Storage

Read-only Memory (ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)

ii) Secondary Storage

Punching Device
Magnetic Tape
Floppy Disk
Optical Disk
Hard Drive
Flash Disk

RAM and ROM

Main Memory
The Main memory of a computer is used to store programs and data. The processor cannot store the whole program and needs its main memory to store the parts of the program.

Types of Main Memory

Random Access Memory
The program is stored Temporarily while the computer is on. The contents of RAM is lost when the computer is switched off.

Read Only Memory

The data and programs are stored Permanently.

Secondary Memory/External Memory
Floppy Disk, Hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, Zip Disk, Jaz Drive, WORM, magnetic tapes etc are secondary memories used to store data. These memories are also called backup memory because these memories are used to store data for future application. Nowadays, operating system, and other software, business data and information are stored in CD ROM.

Some Questions

What do you mean by hardware? What types of devices are used in bank to keep the record of customer?
Differentiate between primary memory and secondary memory.
What is the use of secondary memory in bank?

Windows

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction
Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft, with some common business applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel has become a de facto “Standard” for individuals in most corporations and home.

Components of Windows

Desktop
Desktop Icons
Start Menu Program
Taskbar
Control Panel
User Management
Device Manager
Programs, etc.

Interface

Some Keyword
Windows Key + R = Run

Windows Key + E = Explorer

Alt + F4 = Close

Run: winword (To open MS Word)

Run: excel (To open MS Excel)

Run: powerpnt (To open MS Power Point)

Run: control (To open Control Panel)

Run: fonts (To open fonts)

Run: dxdiag (To view System Information)

Run: C: (To open C:>)

Run: temp or %temp% ( To view temp. file)

MS-DOS
Run: cmd (To go on Command Mode)

C:> dir (To display the files and folders)

C:> dir/ah (To Display the hidden files and folders)

C:> Date (To View Current Date)

C:> Time (To View Current Time)

C:> MD DN (DN=Directory (Folder) Name, To Create Folder)

C:> CD DN (To Enter inside folder)

C:> CD.. (To exit from folder)

C:> RD DN (To Delete folder)

C:> Copy Con FN (FN=File Name, To Create File) : add some content and save it by pressing ctrl+z and do Enter

C:> Type FN (To open the file)

C:> Edit FN (To edit file)

C:> Del FN (To Delete file)

C:> CLS (To Clear Screen)

C:> ipconfig (To view IP address)

C:> ipconfig/all (To view details of IP address)

C:>D:(To change the drive or path from C:> to D:>)

C:> Exit (To Close Command Mode)

Difference Between GUI and CUI

Some Questions

What do you mean by Windows? What are the components of Windows?
Differentiate between CUI and GUI.

Core Banking System

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction
A core banking system is the software used to support a bank’s most common transactions. Elements of core banking include: Making and servicing loans. Opening new accounts. Processing cash deposits and withdrawals.

Core Banking Software
Banking and financial sectors all around the world have embraced ICT to facilitate their customers with efficient services and innovative products through multichannel. The central engine that runs the core operations of the banking and financial institution is the Core Banking Software (CBS).

Overview

The CBS evolved in the 1970s and has gone through different significant changes over time; the recent CBS has the capacity of real time processing and multi channel integration (Kreća & Barać, 2015). The fundamental function of CBS is to perform deposit and lending in a bank (Chairlone, 2009). Abbate (1999) defined a core banking system as “a back end system that processes daily banking transactions, and posts updates to accounts and other financial records.”

Level of Core Banking Software

CORE BANKING

Sum total of all information technology components that enable a bank to manage its core business activities in a centralized model
Round the clock processing of all the products, services and information of a bank.
24/’7/365 Model

Basic Components

Banking Application Software
Hardware Components
Network Infrastructure
Centralized Data Processing

Application Areas

Balance of payments and withdrawal are done.
Mobile banking
Internet banking
ATM’s
Recording of transactions
Passbook maintenance
Interest calculations on loans and deposits
Customer records

Need of CBS

To meet the regulations.
To meet the changing market dynamics
To meet the demands of customers
To enhance efficiency and effectiveness
To provide better and fast service
To increase the value of bank on the market
To increase customer satisfaction
To increase profit

Challenges and Barrier
1.Cost

Software
Technology
Training
Implementation

2.Change Accept

Challenges of CBS Implementation

Functionality (Capability of software to meet requirements and expectations)
Reaching unanimity within the organization on what is needed
Cost and Financial Terms
Ability of the business to adjust to the new system
Availability of skilled personnel
Vendor capabilities and credentials
System Flexibility
Data migration
User-friendliness of User Interface

Managerial Implications
The managers need to consider all three sources of challenges while choosing, implementing, and upgrading CBS. In the case of software, the most challenging part is CBS’ user interface and user-friendliness. If the user interface is complex and non-user friendly, it may result in poor performance of the users and virtually of the CBS. The second essential factor is the CBS’ functionality; whether it is meeting all the needs of the bank it promised to meet. The most important vendor related challenge is vendor capability and credential. As most of the Banks use the foreign CBS, which is very complex. Vendor support is essential to fix bugs, training, and maintenance. In the case of management related challenges, the managers always need to look for skilled personnel, who knows and can run the CBS.

List of CBS Applications

Infosys Finacle
Oracle Financial Services Software by Oracle Corporation
Fiserv Banking Solutions
Canopus EpaySuite by Canopus Innovative Technologies
Fidelity National Information Services (FIS)

Some Questions

What is Core Banking System (CBS)? What are the components of CBS?
What is the use of CBS in bank?
What do you mean by CBS? What are the components of CBS? What are the challenges to implement CBS in the context of Nepalese banking sector?

NRB: Computer

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction

Hardware and Software

Windows

Windows

Database Management System

Database

Computer Networking

Information System

Information System

Core Banking System

Core Banking System

Information Security

Basic Computer Terminologies

IT and ICT in Banking

IT and ICT in Banking

High Power Money

Banking Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

The total amount of currency held by the public, as well as cash in the vaults of financial institutions, and bank deposits at the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve Bank maintains close Control over the amount of high powered money that can influence its monetary policy decisions. also called the monetary base.

In simple terms High Powered Money (HPM) is the net or total liability of the monetary authority of any nation……in Nepal it is the liability of NRB.

It is simply the sum of all currency in circulation with the people of the country, cash kept in the commercial bank vaults along with the deposits of govt. of the country and commercial banks. The term liability basically means that when people/govt/commercial banks produce the currency/claims….the NRB has to pay value equal to currency/claim.

The NRB uses this H.P.M. for regulation of money supply in the economy. By controlling the money supply NRB regulates (i.e tries to regulate) the inflation in eco.

NRB uses the H.P.M for the process of money creation. Money creation will increase the supply of money in eco.

When NRB needs to pump extra money in eco. it injects a certain amount of high powered money (Say H) into the economy (by the purchase of govt bonds/assets etc).

NRB may purchase government bond worth 500 million. Then, total money supply will not only increase by 500 million but it goes on multiplying.

This money injected into the economy through purchase of government bonds and so on will increase the total money supply. But the actual amount increase will not be determined

This money injected into the economy through purchase of government bonds and so on will increase the total money supply.
But the actual amount increase will not be determined

NRB may purchase government bond worth 500 million. Then, total money supply will not only increase by 500 million but it goes on multiplying

This increased addition of money supply (over the injected value of H) is due to the factor called Money Multiplier!

Mathematical relationship between the monetary base and money supply of an economy. It explains the increase in the amount of cash in circulation generated by the banks’ ability to lend money out of their depositors’ funds. When a bank makes a loan, it ‘creates’ money because the loan becomes a new deposit from which the borrower can withdraw cash to spend. This money-creating power is based on the fractional reserve system under which banks are required to keep at hand only a portion (between 10 to 15 percent, typically 12 percent) of the depositors’ funds. The rest may be converted into loans, thereby increasing the available cash by a factor that is a multiple of the initial deposit.

Monetary multiplier means the influence a central bank has over the money supply by altering the required banking reserve rate.

Compiled and collected by
Krishna Prasad Aryal
Assistant Branch Manager
Rastriya Banijya Bank
Branch Office Parasi

वित्त नीति

Banking Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

वित्तीय नीति भनेको पूर्व निर्धारित उद्देश्यहरु हासिल गर्न प्रयोग गरिने राजश्व, सार्वजनिक व्यय तथा सार्वजनिक ऋणसंग सम्बन्धित सरकारी नीति हो । विकासशील देशहरुमा वान्छनीय स्तरको रोजगारी, उच्च आर्थिक वृद्धिदर, आर्थिक स्थिरता, आय र धन सम्पत्तीको समानता जस्ता उद्देश्य प्राप्ति र विकशित देशहरुमा आर्थिक स्थिरताको मुख्य उद्देश्य राखी योजनाबद्ध ढंगले तर्जुमा र कार्यान्वयन गरिने वित्तीय क्रियाकलापहरु जस्तैः– (करारोपण, सार्वजनिक व्यय र सार्वजनिक ऋण) लाई वित्तीय नीति भनिन्छ । वित्तीय नीति अर्थतन्त्रको उत्पादन तथा रोजगारमा सरकारको आय तथा व्ययले पार्ने कुल प्रभावसंग सम्बन्धित हुन्छ ।

वित्त नीतिका उद्देश्यः

आर्थिक वृद्धि
आर्थिक स्थिरता
सामाजिक न्याय वा समानता
पूँजी निर्माण
साधन परिचालन
रोजगारीको अवसर वृद्धि
मुल्य स्थिरता
प्रतिकुल भुक्तानी सन्तुलन सच्याउन ।

सरकारी वित्त नीतिले सरकारको आय तथा व्यय निश्चित सिद्धान्त, नीति र प्रक्रियाको आधारमा हुनुपर्दछ भन्ने मान्यता राख्दछ । यसले देश भरीका साधन परिचालन गर्ने र समग्र देशलाई प्रभावित पार्ने गरी खर्च गर्ने विषयको अध्ययन गर्दछ । यसको कार्यान्वयनबाट देशको सम्पूर्ण अर्थव्यवस्थालाई प्रभावित पार्छ । सरकारले सरकारी वित्तको कार्यान्वयन दीर्घकालीन लक्ष्य राखेर गर्ने गर्दछ तापनि यसको कार्यान्वयन बार्षिक आधारमा वा बर्ष वर्षको आधारमा बार्षिक बजेट तयारगरी गर्ने परम्परा रहेको छ । जसलाई सरकारको वार्षिक बजेट भनिन्छ । वित्तनीतिको उद्देश्य यसका निम्न उपकरणहरु प्रयोग गरेर हासिल गरिन्छ ।

आन्तरिक राजश्व आन्तरिक ऋण वैदेशिक अनुदान वैदेशिक ऋण वित्त नीति तयार गर्दा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुरा :

देशको औद्योगिकीकरणको अवस्था, देशको विद्यमान आर्थिक अवस्था, सरकारको आर्थिक उद्देश्य, निजी क्षेत्रको अवस्था, गरीबीको अवस्था, भौतिक पूर्वाधारको अवस्था, मुद्रा तथा पूँजी बजारको अवस्था, नेपालले हाल अंगीकार गरेका वित्तीय नीतिको उद्देश्यहरु र प्रमुख नीतिहरु यस प्रकार छन् ।

उपलब्ध श्रोत साधनको अधिकतम उपयोग गर्ने, व्यापक आधार भएको दीगो र उच्च आर्थिक वृद्धिदर हासिल गर्ने, आर्थिक वृद्धिको प्रतिफल वितरणमा साधनहिन र विपन्न वर्गको पहुँच बढाउने, मानविय विकास एवं रोजगारीका अवसरहरुको सिर्जनामा जोड दिने, सामाजिक न्याय र सुरक्षा प्राप्त गर्ने, लगानीको वातावरणमा सुधार ल्याउने (खास गरी प्राथमिकता प्राप्त क्षेत्रमा लगानी बढाउने), वित्तीय क्षेत्रमा गतिशिलता ल्याउने, सार्वजनिक खर्च धान्न सकिने सिमा भित्र राख्ने, सुशासन एवं विकेन्द्रिकरण पक्ष मजवुत पानर्,े रुग्ण उद्योगको पुनःस्थापना र निर्यात प्रवद्र्धनमा जोड, वित्तीय क्षेत्रको सुधारबाट स्वस्थ, प्रतिस्पर्धी एवं दीगो वित्तीय प्रणालीको विकास, छिटो प्रतिफल दिने र छिटो सम्पन्न गर्न सकिने आयोजनाहरुमा लगानी गर्न जोड दिने, बहुवर्षिय बजेट प्रणालीको कार्यान्वयन (३ वर्षिय), सवै प्रकारको आर्थिक क्रियाकलापलाई आयकरको दायरा भित्र ल्याई राजश्व प्रशासनलाई समयानुकूल गतिशिल र प्रभावकारी बनाउने, मू. अ. कर कार्यान्यवनमा देखिएका कमी कमजोरी हटाई आन्तरिक राजश्वको मेरुदण्डको रुपमा विकशित गर्ने, वैदेशिक सहायतालाई बढि भन्दा बढि आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक प्रतिफल प्राप्त गर्ने क्षेत्रहरुमा परिचालन गरिने, सरकारी संलग्नता आवश्यक नदेखिएका एवं निजी क्षेत्रका लगानी आकर्षित हुन सक्ने संस्थानहरुमा निजी क्षेत्रको लगानी बढाउन निजीकरण कार्यक्रमलाई निरन्तरता दिने, सामाजिक क्षेत्रको विकास, गरीबी निवारण तथा रोजगार प्रवद्र्धन गर्ने, आधारभूत सामाजिक सेवामा सवैको पहुँच बढाउन प्राथमिक शिक्षा, स्वास्थ, खानेपानी र सरसफाईको क्षेत्रमा लगानी बढाउने, गरीबी घटाउने तर्फ लक्षित सम्पूर्ण कार्यक्रम एउटै छातामुनी (गरीबी निवारण कोष) एकीकृत गरी संचालन गरिने, बाणिज्य बैंकहरुलाई अधिक स्वायत्तता दिइने, वित्तीय सेवाको लागि वैदेशिक वैंकहरु स्थापना गर्न दिइने, ऋणपत्रको माध्यामिक बजार विस्तार गर्दै लैजाने, विदेशी विनीमयमा पूर्ण परिवत्र्यता दिइने, देशमा पूँजी बजारको विकास तर्फ जोड दिने, नेपाललाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय वित्तीय केन्द्रको रुपमा विकशित गर्न प्रयत्नशील रहने, वित्तीय बजार विकास तथा विस्तार गरी लगानीका अवसर बढाउँदै जाने, आन्तरिक ऋणलाई न्म्ए को वान्छित सीमाभित्र राखिने, मुद्रास्फीतिदरलाई न्यूनतम स्तरमा राख्दै बचत परिचालनलाई प्रोत्साहित गरिने, नेपाल अधिराज्यमा स्टक एक्स्चेन्ज सेवा विकास तथा विस्तार गर्ने, बिमा कम्पनीहरुको विकासमा जोड दिने, करको दर न्यूनतम गरी आर्थिक वृद्धिदर उच्च पार्ने, विभिन्न प्राथमिकतामा परेका र सरकारले प्रोत्साहित गर्न चाहेका (निर्यातमूलक उद्योग) आर्थिक क्रियाकलापहरुलाई कर छुट र अन्य सुविधाहरु दिने, साधारण खर्चमा ऋण रकम खर्च नगर्ने, विकास बजेटमा राजश्वको योगदान बढाउन प्रयास गर्ने ।

Compiled and collected by
Basudev Sharma Poudel(PHD)

Banking Notes

Banking Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

IT Policy of Nepal and NRB

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

IT Policy of Nepal (2057/2067)
Objectives

To make information technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means.
To build a knowledge based society.
To establish knowledge based industries.

IT Policy

To declare information technology sectors a prioritized sector.
To follow a single door system for the development of information technology.
To prioritize research and development of information technology.
To create a conducive environment that will attract investment in the private sector, keeping in view the private sector’s role in the development of information technology.
To provide internet facilities to all Village Development committees of the country in phases.
To render assistance to educational institutions and encourage native and foreign training as a necessity of fulfilling the requirement of qualified manpower in various fields pertaining to information technology.
To computerize the records of each governmental office and build websites for them for the flow of information.
To increase the use of computers in the private sector.
To develop physical and virtual information technology park in various places with the private sector’s participation for the development of information technology.
To use information technology to promote e commerce, e education, e health, among others, and to transfer technology in rural areas.
To establish National Information Technology Centre.
To establish a national level fund by mobilizing the resources obtained from His Majesty’s Government, donor agencies, and private sectors so as to contribute to research and development of information technology and other activities pertaining to it.
To establish venture capital funds with the joint participation of public and private sectors.
To include computer education in the curriculum from the school level and broaden its scope.
To establish Nepal in the global market through the use of information technology.
To draft necessary laws that provides legal sanctions to the use of information technology.
To gradually use information technology in all types of governmental activities and provide legal sanctions to its uses in such activities.

IT Policy of Nepal (2072)

Human Resource
ICT in education, research & development
Promoting public access and content development
Developing the ICT Industry Sector
ICT for Government service innovation and good governance
ICT in SMEs & promotion of e- Commerce
Telecommunications Infrastructure
Convergence of Telecommunications, ICTs and broadcasting
ICT in Agriculture
ICT in Health
ICT in Tourism
Telecommunication and ICTs in mitigating the impact of Climate Change
ICT in Environment and natural resources
Telecommunications/ICTs for natural disaster preparedness, mitigation and relief
Human Exposure to electromagnetic fields and safe disposal of electronic waste
Conformance, Interoperability and Standards
in Telecommunications/ICTs
Cloud Computing
Access to Telecommunications/ICTs for rural and remote areas
Access to Telecommunications/ICTs services for persons with disabilities and specific needs
ICTs for Youth, women and girls
Building Confidence and Security in the use of ICTs

NRB IT Policies (2068)

Ensure efficient, effective and economic IT operation by implementing appropriate IT System
Maintain well structured, secured physical layout of its IT infrastructure with proper documentation
Maintain multilevel security for Information
Implement IT system audit
Develop, implement and maintain data backup and recovery policy
Establish and maintain efficient, effective and economic Disaster Recovery (DR) System as an instrument to “Fail Safe System” with minimum down time. Also, develop and maintain Business Continuity Plan (BCP)
Develop and implement IT Outsourcing and Third Party involvement mechanism
Maintain uniform and legitimate IT infrastructure in all its offices
Provide IT directives to licensed Banks and Financial Institutions
Set a standard for IT procurement and shall be reviewed based on technological development
Promulgate “NRB IT Code of Conduct” for proper usage of NRB IT resources
Strengthen IT capacity building of employee

NRB Guidelines (2012)

IT Governance
Information Security
Information Security Education
Information Disclosure and Grievance Handling
Outsourcing Management
IT Operations
Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Implementation
Business Continuity And Disaster Recovery Planning
IS Audit
Fraud Management

Electronic Transaction Act (2063/2064)
Procedures of Electronic Record and Generation and Security of Digital Signature

To Certify Electronic Record
Verification of Digital Signature
Secured Electronic Signature and Record
Quality Standard Concerning Information Technology to be maintained by the Certifying Authority
Receipt of Acknowledgement of Electronic Record
Time of Receipt of the Electronic Record

Some Questions

What are the major focuses of IT Policy of Nepal Government?
List and explain the IT Guidelines of Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB).
What are the major focuses of IT Policy of NRB ?

Questions & Answers
Explain the development of IT policy in Nepal and highlight the current status of IT in Nepal.

Current Status:

Banking and Tele Communication Industry are moving towards to
Automation
The Government including Ministries are prioritizing usage of IT and ICT
to their daily work
Government has introduced e Governance system to the public like as:
Smart License System, National Identity Card, Digitization of Land and mapping system, etc.
The concept of SMART City is emerging
Universities are prioritized their teaching and learning methodologies
through IT and ICT
In other service sector like as Hospital, Home Ministry, Health Ministry prioritizing to use the IT and ICT.
Software companies are emerged and developed
So on……

What are the significant amendments made in the IT policy 2072 from IT policy 2067.

Explain the major provisions of IT policy in Nepal and suggest some improvement to be done in such policies

Suggestions
i) Deployment
ii) Implementation
iii) Evaluation time to time