TyroCity: Chemistry Notes

Fundamental Principles- Old is Gold

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

For detection of elements (N, X, S) in organic compounds, why is sodium fusion carried out?
Write the structures of the following organic compounds:

(a) 2-methyl propan-1-ol

(b) 3-methyl butanoic acid

(d) 2,2-dimethyl propane

(e) 2-ethyl pent-1-ene

(f) 2-chloro-2,3-dimethyl pentane

Why is aqueous solution of sodium extract alkaline?
Define an electrophile and nucleophile giving an example from each.
Why is it necessary to prepare sodium extract for the detection of foreign elements in organic compounds?
Write short notes on Homologous series.
What are anti-knocking reagents? Name one important anti-knocking agent.
How would you detect the presence of nitrogen and sulphur together in the organic compound?
Why is Lassagne’s extract boiled with concentrated nitric acid while testing for halogen?
What is the function of Tetraethyl lead (TEL) in gasoline?
Write down the structure formulae of the third member of the following homologous series:

(a) Alkanamide

(b) Alkanol

(d) Alkanoic acid

Empirical, Molecular Formula and Limiting Reactants

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

What is limiting reactants? Why is it essential in stoichiometric calculations?
10.6gm of pure Na2CO3 if treated with 7.9gm of HCl to produce NaCl, H2O and CO2, (5 marks)

a) Find the limiting reactants and calculate mole of unreacted reagent left over.

b) What volume of CO2 gas is produced at NTP?

c) Calculate the mass of NaCl formed.

A chemical reaction was carried out by mixing 25gm of pure Calcium Carbonate and 0.75 mule of pure hydrochloric acid to give CaCl2, H2O and CO2. (5 marks)

a) Which one is the limiting reactant and why?

b) Calculate the mass of CaCl2 produced.

c) How many numbers of water molecules are formed?

d) What mass of NaOH is required to absorb the whole CO2 produced in the reaction?

Alkali Metals

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

What is the main product obtained when sodium is allowed to react with dry ammonia at 300°-4000°C.
Why alkali metals cannot be obtained by chemical reduction method?
What are the chemical formulae of caustic soda, washing soda and baking soda? What are their main uses?
What happens when a piece of sodium is dropped into water?
What is the biological importance of sodium?
What would happen when the nitrate of an alkali metal is heated?

Equivalent Mass

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

Equivalent weight of an element is 32.5. What does it mean?
Why is hydrogen displacement method not applicable to determine the equivalent mass of copper?
Define equivalent weight of an element. A divalent metal has atomic weight 24. What is its equivalent weight?
4gm of a divalent metal reacts with chlorine to produce 11.1gm of its metal chloride. Calculate the atomic mass of metal.

Define coefficient of viscosity. How coefficient of viscosity is related with viscous force?

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

Ans: Coefficient of viscosity is defined as the tangential force per unit area required to maintain unit velocity gradient between the layers of liquid.

Define Van’t Hoff’s factor. What for it used?

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

Wiki- The van ‘t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration of a substance as calculated from its mass. For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the van’ t Hoff factor is essentially 1. For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van ‘t Hoff factor is equal
to the number of discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is true for ideal solutions only. Sometime ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte solutions. This causes deviation from the van ‘t Hoff factor. The deviation for the van ‘t Hoff factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges.

i=van’t Hoff= the number of particles a formula breaks up into

C6H12O6(s) ==>C6H12O6(aq) (1 mole of particles) C6H12O6 =1

NaCl(s) ==> Na⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq) (2 moles of particles) NaCl=2

CaCl2(s) ==> Ca²⁺(aq)+ 2Cl^-(aq) (3 moles of particles) CaCl2=3

What is evaporation? How does it differ from boiling?

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

Ans: Evaporation is defined as the process of conversion of liquid into vapor from the surface of the liquid at room temperature.

Evaporation	Boiling
It takes place at any temperature.	It takes place at boiling point only.
It takes place at the surface of liquid.	It takes place at the entire volume of the liquid.
It is slow and silent process.	It fast and noisy process.

Structure Isomerism in Organic Compounds

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

1. Write the isomers of C2H6O and give their IUPAC names.

Write the isomers of C2H4O2 and give their IUPAC names.
Write the possible isomers of C6H14 and give their IUPAC names.
Write short notes on structure isomerism in Organic Compound.
Write the isomers of C4H10 and give their IUPAC names.

Atomic Structure

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

Give the electronic configuration of copper (At. no. 29) in terms of s, p, d, f orbitals.
What is an orbital? Write the shapes of s and p orbitals.
Give the electronic configuration of silver (At. No. 47) in terms of s, p, d, f orbitals.
A scientist investing the electron structure of the element concluded that the K, L and M shells were all full and that the N shell contained four electrons. What is the atomic number of that electron?
For n=4, write all possible values of l and m.
Discuss how Bhors was able to predict the line spectra of a hydrogen atom.
Write the electronic configuration of Chromium (At. No. 24) in terms of s.p.d orbitals.
An atomic orbital has n=3, what are the possible values of l and m?
What are the values for n, l and m for 2Px orbital?
An electorn possesses the quantum numbers n=2, l=0 and m=0. What so they mean?
Write the atomic number of elements whode outermost electornic configuration are represented by (a) 3S1 (b) 3P6.
What observation did Rutherford led to conclude that the nucleus of atom is very small but heavy mass?
Why is it that electron does not jump into the nucleus?
What is meant by atomic spectrum?
Write the Lewis structure of the compound formed by two elements A and B whose atomic numbers are 12 and 17 respectively.
What are the values of Principal quantum number (n) and Azimuthal quantum number (l) for the following orbitals: (i) 3S (ii) 4P
An atom of an element has 24 electrons, what is the total number of S eletrons?
Give the values of all four quantum number of 11th electorn of Magnesium (At. No. = 12).
What observations did Rutherford make the following conclusions? a) The atomic centre is positively charged. b) Most of the space inside the atom is hollow.
Give the values of all four quantum number of outermost electron of sodium atom (Z=11).
What is Bhor’s-Bury rule?

Carbon

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

Carbon monoxide is used as a reducing agent in metallurgy but not carbon dioxide. Why?
Give the laboratory method of preparation of carbon monoxide.
Define the terms ‘allotropes’ with examples.
What happens when carbon monoxide is passed over heated finely divided nickel?
What happens when a piece of burning magnesium is dropped into a jar full of carbondioxide?
What happens when oxalic acid crystals are heated with concentrated sulphuric acid?
Why is carbon used as the most common reducing agent in thermal metallurgy?
What is dry ice? Why it is called so?
Why is carbon monoxide extremely poisonous?
Give examples of crystalline allotropes of Carbon.
Write a chemical reaction to show the reducing action of CO.
How would you convert CO into CO2 and vice versa?
What happens when Carbon monoxide is heated with hydrogen in presence of ZnO and Cu?
Name the latest discovered allotropic form of carbon.
What happens when:

(a) Carbon monoxide is passed over finely divided nickel at 80°C.

(b) A gas obtained from a mixture of marble and dilute hydrochloric acid is passed into lime water till excess.

(d) Carbon monoxide is passed over finely divided nickel.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory and Laws of Stoichiometry

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

State the Law of Multiple Proportions.
State the law of Constant Proportion.
State the Law of Reciprocal Proportion.
How did the law of multiple proportions encourage Dalton to introduce atomic theory?
H and O react separately to give H2O2 and H2O respectively. What law of stoichiometry is illustrated? State the law.
Phosphorous reacts with oxygen to produce P2O3 and P2O5 respectively. Which Chemical law does the data illustrate? State the Law.
State the Law of conservation of mass. Why is this law known as Law of indestructibility of matter?
12gm of Carbon react with 32gm of oxygen to produce 44gm of Carbon dioxide. Which Chemical Law do these data illustrate? State the Law.

Gaseous State

Chemistry 11 Notes — Sat, 12 Jul 2014 05:41:42 +0000

At what condition the value of P xV is always constant?
Draw volume (V) and temperature (tÂ°C) relationship of gases at constant pressure. Indicate the temperature at which the volume occupied by the gas becomes zero. Name that temperature.
What do you mean by ideal gas and real gas?
What is an ideal gas? Under what conditions will a gas behave nearly like an ideal gas?
State Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
What is universal gas constant?
State and explain Graham’s law of diffusion of gases.
5 grams of hydrogen diffused through a porous membrane in 30 minutes. Find the time required to diffuse the same amount of SO2 gas at identical conditions.