TyroCity: Computer 11 Notes

File Handling In Windows 3.1

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction to file handling

Windows being a GUI, gives better flexibility and easier to use for file management. Using the File Manager feature of Windows, one can easily copies, move, delete, rename files and also create and remove directory. This avoids the painful task of remembering all the file management DOS commands.
Windows can run two types of applications, standard DOS based applications and Windows based applications. DOS based applications are standard DOS programs such as WordStar, dBase etc. developed to run in DOS environment, and not specifically meant for windows. Whereas a windows application is specifically developed to run under Windows environment which support GUI.

Objectives

At the end of this lesson you would be able to:

Appreciate the GUI feature of windows
Understand the file and directory handling in windows
Use file manager for file handling in windows
Sort file using file size, name, type
Search and locate file(s)
Do file copy, move from floppy disk to hard disk drive and vice versa.

Directory and file management in windows

Windows provides file manager for manipulating directory and files of a system. It is an essential part of Windows and run like any other windows program. Main program consists the icon for file manager. Double clicking on the file manger icon activates it from the Main program group. Other way of activating it is to highlight the file manager icon and hit the return key.
File manager can be closed like any other windows program. File manager can be minimized while running some other application and expanded once the execution is over. The total amount of diskspace, free diskspace available, the size of the selected file is shown for the currently open directory on the status bar, which appears at the bottom of the file manager.

1. Drive window
Currently selected drive is displayed as another windows within the File Manager window. The command to resize, move or minimize is same as that of any other window. The only difference is that it is divided in two parts; right one displays the directory structure of the currently selected drive and the left part displays the contents (such as files, sub-directory etc.) of the currently selected directory.

2. Directory operations
File Manager provides the features to manage all the drives in your system and/or connected to your system through network. It allows to copy, move or delete files within a drive, between drives of the system and systems connected through network. Once the drive is changed, directory and files under the newly selected drive will be displayed in the current directory window.

3. Changing disk drives
To change drive, click on the desired drive icon or press and the designated drive letter such as C, D E etc. Other way of selecting a drive is to click on the Disk option of the File Manager menu bar, and select the desired drive letter.

4. Creating a new directory
A new directory or sub-directory under an already existing directory can be created using File Manager. First click on the File menu option of the File Manager. This will bring up the pull down menu having Create Directory. Selecting this option will activate the Create.
Directory dialog box with current directory path. To create a sub
directory under the current directory, type down the new sub-directory name in the text box. To create a sub-directory under some other directory, type the entire path in the name text box. To finish the entry and create the new sub-directory, click on the OK button.

5. Changing directory
To go to the desired directory under the currently selected drive, double click on the directory name. This will make the selected directory as the currently active directory and all the sub-directory and files under this directory will be displayed at the right pane of the document window.
File manager has the flexibility of displaying different groups of files in the currently selected directory. Click on the View option of the File Manager menu bar, which will activate the pull-down menu with option ‘by file type’. Selecting this will bring up the ‘by file type’ dialog box. Use the wild card characters to enter inn the name text box, the desired file type you want to see.
In file manager, it can also be specified what all information for files can be displayed. In addition to the file name, file path one can display file size, date and time it was created/or last modified etc. To display all file information, select the view option on the file manager menu bar and activate the option ‘all file details’.
In file manager, sub-directory and file under the currently selected directory are displayed in alphabetical order. However they can also be displayed in order of file type, date or file size. To change the displays option, select the VIEW option on the menu bar and selected the desired option. Available options are:

Sort by name: Displays all files in alphabetical order of file name.
Sort by type: Displays all files in alphabetical order of extension name
Sort by Date: Displays File in order of creation/last modification date.
Sort by Size: Display all files in order of File Size.

File operations

File Manager provides tools such as copy, rename, move, rename for management of files within directory, between directories and also between drives.

1. Copying a diskette
Like Disk copy of DOS, windows also have the tool in File Manager for making copies of disk. The source disk replaces the content of the target. However the target disk type and size should same as that of source disk. If an unformatted disk is used in target drive, the target disk is formatted as that of source disk type and size while copying the files. This copy option is very useful for making back-up copy.
Insert the source disk into the drive and select the DISK option of the file manager menu bar, and activate the ‘Copy Disk’. This will copy the files from the source disk into the memory. Now select the target drive from the copy dialog box and click on OK button. This will start the coping process from the source to target disk.

2. Copying/moving directory or files

In file Manager, one or more files or Directory can be copied or moved into different location using two different methods; Drag-and-Drop method and Keyboard method.

1. Drag-and-Drop method
File Manager has the capabilities of copying or moving files and directories in more interactive and visual ways as compared to MS-DOS. Open the source directory select the files to be copied and then drag them in to the desired target directory, another drive icon, another directory window or to a file list in a different directory window and drop them. Confirm the copying operation, by clicking on the OK button of the dialog box. This will copy the selected files in to the target drive. If the file(s) to be copied is/are already presents on the destination directory or drive, confirm replace message by clicking on the yes button of the dialog box.

2. Using Keyboard
Instead of using mouse for the above operation, one can alternatively use the keyboard to select copy and move command. As in the case of drag-and-drop method, the destination can be a directory window, directory icon or drive icon. Click on the desired file name to be copied or use the direction key to highlight it. Select the COPY or MOVE option from the File menu bar of File Manager as per the requirement.
Alternatively press f8 for copy or f7 for move operation to start. As in the case of drag-and-drop method, copy or move dialog box appears on the screen. Enter the destination path or drive. If the destination directory does not exist, it will ask whether to create a new one. To start the operation, click on the OK button or press enter key ().

Deleting files and directories

File manager provides greater flexibility in deleting files and directories. However in the case of network drive, one cannot delete files or directories if he has not the privilege or permission of doing so. File Manager allows to delete an entire directory including all its files and subdirectory in a single command. However, in DOS, one first need to delete all the files and sub-directory of the desired directory to be deleted.

Select the file(s) or directory to be deleted (alternatively use tab to move the cursor to the desired location and use direction keys to select the files). Activate the Delete option from the File menu bar of File Manager and the delete dialog box appears on the window desktop. To delete the already select files or directory, click on the OK button. To delete other files or directory, enter the file name or path and click on the OK button.

This will activate directory delete dialog box. Click on yes button to confirm the deletion. Click on yes to all to delete all selected files or click on Cancel button to cancel the delete operation.

File renaming

File Manager allows changing the name of a file with a restriction that the new file name should follow the DOS file naming conventions. The new file name should not be more than eight characters long with an optional three characters extension or secondary name with permissible set of characters.

First select the file to be renamed, and then chose the Rename option from the File menu bar of File manger. The Rename dialog box appears with name of the currently selected file in the From text box. Now enter the new name for the file in the To text box and click OK button or press Enter key. This completes the renaming process.
Note: One can use wild card characters for renaming files.

Searching for files and directories

File manager provides the tool to search a file, a group of files or subdirectories. This is particularly helpful, if you know a particular file is on your disk, but you don’t remember where the file exists. Here you can conduct a search on your disk, directory to locate the file. The result is displayed in Search Result window, which can be resized, minimized or maximized, closed the same way as other window.

Click or select the directory to be searched and then choose search option from the file menu. Specify the filename, or use wildcard character (such and * or?) in the search for text box to search for a group of files or directories that have related file names or extensions. The Search Result windows will contain all the files that meet the search criteria. To cancel the search operation, press esc key.

Working with floppy disks

At times one need to copy files onto a floppy as backup or copy file from floppy to hard disk for further processing of files. File manager provides tools to work with floppy disks.

1. Formatting a floppy
Before using a new floppy to receive data, it has to be prepared for that. File Manager format command allows you to prepare a new/old floppy to receive data. The format command has three options, which are optional.

Label
As the name suggests, it is a name for the formatted disk to identify it. A label or volume label should not more than 11 characters long.

System disk
While formatting a disk, it can be opted to make the disk a system or startup disk. System disk is used to boot the system from a floppy drive. When opted, all the system files are copied into the specified area called system area or boot sector of the floppy drive. System disk comes handy, in case the hard disk is not working or one needs to bypass booting from hard disk for any reason.

Quick format
This option is available for disk that has already been formatted. When selected, file Manager just removes all information about directory and files from disk, making it faster as compared to standard format procedure. However Quick Format does not check the disk for bad sectors.
To format a disk or floppy using file manager, insert the disk into the drive and select format disk option from disk menu bar. From the list of drives, select the appropriate drive letter. All the required parameters are adjusted according to the selected drive.

Choose the option such as label, system disk or quick format. In case of Label option, specify the volume label name for the disk. Complete the other areas of the dialog box and click on ok button. This completes the entry and file manager starts formatting the disk according to the specification given.

In-text questions 1
Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. Windows is a

System Software
Database Software
GUI based Software
None of the Above

2. Which are the following types of Icons used by Windows

Database, operating system
Program, document, application
Only program
None of the above

3. Which of the following on a command button indicates a link to another dialog box

/
*
..
None of the above

4. File manager is a part of which group of Windows
Program Manager

Main
Application
None of the above

5. Which of the following groups of Windows contain all executable software found on your hard disk.

Main
Print Manager
Application
None of the above

6. Which of the following allows all types of file manipulation such a copy, move etc.

Print Manager
File Manager
System setup
None of the above

What you have learnt

This lesson discussed Windows's graphical user interface (GUI) in a great length. In the beginning it discussed what is directory and file management. Then with examples it explained how to do directory maintenance in-terms of create, delete and change directory. It also discussed how to sort files by name, type, size and dates. Here you learned how to file operation in windows using File manager and what is drag and drop method. At last it explained how to search for file and directory and how to work using a floppy diskette in windows.

Feedback to in-text questions 1
1. 3
2. 2
3. 3
4. 2
5. 3
6. 2

Bus Architecture

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Bus is a group of wires that connects different components of the computer. It is used for transmitting data, control signal and memory address from one component to another. A bus can be 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit and 64 bit. A 32 bit bus can transmit 32 bit information at a time. A bus can be internal or external.

Types of bus:

1) Data bus
Data bus carries data from on component to another. It is uni-directional for input and output devices and bi-directional for memory and CPU.

2) Control bus
Control bus carries control signal. CU of CPU uses control signal for controlling all the components. It is uni-directional from CPU to all other components.

3) Address bus
Address bus carries memory address. A memory address is a numerical value used for identifying a memory location. Computer performs all its task through the memory address. CU of CPU sends memory address to all the components. So, address bus is also uni-directional from CPU to all other components.

Introduction To MS-Word

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction to Microsoft Word
Let us consider an office scene. Many letters are typed in the office. The officer dictates a letter. The typist first types a draft copy of the letter. The officer goes through it to check mistakes regarding spelling errors, missing words, etc. and suggests corrections. The typist changes the letter as suggested by the officer. This is a simple example of word processing.
There are many software packages to do the job of word processing. Some of them work in dos environment. Example are WordStar, Word Perfect and Professional Write. But in these days working in windows is becoming more and more popular. So let us consider software for word processing which works in windows. Our choice is Microsoft Word because it is the most popular software in these days.
MS-word is a part of the bigger package called Microsoft office, which can do much more than word processing. In fact when you open up Microsoft office you will find four main components in it. They are Microsoft Word (for word processing), Microsoft Excel (for spreadsheet), Microsoft Access (for database management) and Microsoft PowerPoint (for presentation purposes). However, we will limit ourselves to MS-word only in this lesson.

Objectives

After going through this lesson you should be in a position to:

Start the Microsoft Word package
Be familiar with the Microsoft Word screen
Advantages and Features of Word Processing
Some common Word Processing Packages
How to invoke Microsoft Word
Learn the capabilities of Microsoft Word

What is word processing?
Word Processor is a Software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs.

Advantages of word processing
One of the main advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document.

Features of word processing
Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor:

Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily.
Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted.
Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document.
Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.
Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility.
Multiple document/files can be merged.
Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mail-merge facility.

Some Common Word processing packages
The followings are examples of some popular word processor available

Softword
WordStar
Word perfect
Microsoft word

Important feature of Microsoft Word
Microsoft word not only supports word processing features but also DTP features. Some of the important features of Microsoft Word are listed below:

Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.
Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text.
Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included.
Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document. Word count and other statistics can be generated.
Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made.
Tables can be made and included in the text.
Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art Gallery.
Word also provides the mail-merge facility.
Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu.
It also provides online help of any option.

In-text questions 1

1. State True or False

Word processor is Software Package that enables you to create, edit, print and save document.
WordStar is a popular Word processor.
Changing the size of the margins cannot reformat complete document or part of the text.
Word has the facility of Macros.
Word does not allow the user to mix the graphical pictures with text.

Getting started with Microsoft Word
We have already told you that for working in MS-Word you should be familiar with windows. If you have not covered windows so far then read that first and then go through MS-word. By now you must be aware of the fact that a software package is improved from time to time. These improvements are sold in the market as new versions of the same software. Thus you will find many versions of Microsoft Word being used in different offices. In this lesson we will cover the version Microsoft Word 97, which is latest in the market and contain many improvements over the older versions. However, you do not have to worry if you have an older version such as word 6.0 or word 95. All the commands available in these older versions are also available in word 97 and they are compatible.
While working in Microsoft Word you have to work with a mouse. Also one can work, to some extent, through the keyboard. The use of mouse is simpler as it is fully menu driven. In MS-word every command is available in the form of ‘icons’.

You can go inside MS-word by the following way:

Take the mouse pointer to start button on the task bar. Click the left mouse button.
Move the pointer to programs. You will notice another menu coming up to the right.
In that menu identify where Microsoft word is placed. Move the cursor horizontally to come out of programs.
Move into the rectangular area meant for Microsoft word. Click the left mouse button there. The computer will start MS-word.

Let us discuss the important components of the screen.

- Title bar
The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other windows applications, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window.

- Tool bars
Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease. Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These two toolbars are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View Menu.

- Ruler bar
The Ruler Bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.

- Status bar
The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.

- Scroll bar
The Scroll Bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can do so by moving the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with the arrow marked on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.

- Workspace
The Workspace is the area in the document window were you enter/type the text of your document.

- Main menu
The Word main menu is displayed at the top of the screen as shown in the Fig. 9.1. The main menu further displays a sub menu. Some of the options are highlighted options and some of them appear as faded options. At any time, only highlighted options can be executed, faded options are not applicable. Infect if the option is faded you will not be able to choose it. You may not that any option faded under present situation may become highlighted under different situations.

In-text questions 2
1. Choose the best answer.

1. While working in MS-Word you have to work with

Mouse only
Keyboard only
Both mouse and keyboard

2. In Microsoft Word every command is available in

Print
Letter
Icons

3. You can go inside Microsoft Word by the following way

Take the mouse pointer to start button on the task bar and click the left mouse button.
Take the mouse pointer to start button and click the right mouse button.
Move the mouse pointer on the screen.

2. State True or False

The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document.
Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar.
The tool bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text.
The scroll bar helps you to scroll the content or body of document.
The workspace is the area in the document window where you enter/type the text.

Main menu options

The overall functions of all the items of main menu are explained below.

- File
You can perform file management operations by using these options such as opening, closing, saving, printing, exiting etc.
New: Ctrl+N
Open: Ctrl+O
Close: ALT + F4
Save : Ctrl+S
Save Aa: CTL + A
Print: Ctrl+P

File sub menu

- Edit
Using this option you can perform editing functions such as cut, copy, paste, find and replace etc.
Undo Clear: Ctrl+Z
Repeat Clear: Ctrl+Y
Cut: Ctrl+X
Copy: Ctrl+C
Paste: Ctrl+V
Clear: Delete
Select All: Ctrl+A
Find: Ctrl+F
Replace: Ctrl+H
Go To: Ctrl+G

Edit sub menu

- View
Word document can be of many pages. The different pages may have different modes. Each mode has its limitations. For example in normal mode the graphical picture cannot be displayed. They can only be displayed in page layout mode. Using the option “View” you can switch over from one mode to other. It displays the following Sub menu.

Normal

Online Layout
Page Layout
Outline
Master Document

Tool Bars

Ruler

Header and Footer

Footnotes
Comments
Full Screen
Zoom

- Insert
Using this menu, you can insert various objects such as page numbers, footnotes, picture frames etc. in your document. It displays the following Sub menu.

Break
Page Numbers
Date and Time
AutoText 8

Field…
Symbol…
Comment
Footnote…
Caption…
Cross-reference…
Index & Tables…
Picture 8
Text Box…
File…
Object…
Bookmark Hyperlink… Ctrl+k

- Format
**Using this menu, you can perform various type of formatting operations, such as fonts can be changed, borders can be framed etc. It displays the following Sub menu.

Font…

Paragraph…
Bullets and Numbering
Borders and Shading…

Columns…

Tabs…
Drop Cap…
Text Direction…
Change Case…
Auto Format…
Style Gallery…
Style…
Background…

Object

- Tools
Using this menu, you can have access to various utilities/tools of Word, such as spell check, macros, mail merge etc. It displays the following Sub menu.
Spelling and Grammar…

Language…
Word count…
AutoSummarize
Auto correct..
Look up reference

Track change

Merge Documents…
Protect Document…
Mail Merge…

Envelops and Labels…

Letter wizard…
Macro…
Templates and add-ins…
Customize…
Options…

- Table
This menu deals with tables. Using this menu you can perform various types of operations on the table. It displays the following Sub menu.

Draw Table
Insert Table…

Delete cells…
Merge cells…
Split cells…

Select Row

Select column
Select table

Table Auto Format…

Distribute rows evenly
Distribute columns evenly
Cell height and width…
Headings

Convert Text to table…

Sort …
Formula…
Split table
Hide grid lines

- Window
This menu allows you to work with two documents simultaneously. This would require two windows to be opened so that each one can hold one document. Using this menu, you can switch over from one window to another. It displays the following Sub menu.

New Window

Arrange all
Split
1Document1.doc

- Help
Using this menu, you can get on-line help for any function.

In-text question 3

1. State True or False

Using View option you can perform editing functions such as cut, copy, paste, find and replace etc.
Using the Edit option you can switch over from Normal mode to Out line mode.
Using Insert menu you can insert various objects such as page numbers, footnotes, picture frames etc.
Using Tools menu you can access to various utilities of word such as spell check, macros and mail merge etc.
Window menu allows you to work with two documents simultaneously.

What you have learnt
At the end of this lesson you have learnt the important features of Ms-Word. We started with procedure to invoke Ms-Word. We identified toolbars available in the main menu of Ms-Word are discussed.

Terminal questions

What do you understand by Word processing? Give examples.
Describe the important features of Ms-Word.
Describe the various options available in the main menu bar of Ms-Word.
What are the different types of toolbar?
Define two methods to start Ms-Word.

Feedback to the in-text questions

In-text question 1

True
True
False
True
False

In-text question 2

3, 3,1
True, True, False, True, True

In-text question 3

False
False
True
True
True

Types Of Computers

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Super Computers
Main Frame Computers
Mini Computers
Micro Computers

Example of Super Computer:
CRAY Research :- CRAY-1 & CRAY-2, Fujitsu(VP2000), Hitachi (S820), NEC (SX20), PARAM 10000 by C-DAC, Anupam by BARC, PACE Series by DRDO

Classification of Operating System

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

1. Multiuser OS:
In a multiuser OS, more than one user can use the same system at a same time through the multi I/O terminal or through the network.
For example: windows, Linux, Mac, etc.
A multiuser OS uses timesharing to support multiple users.

2. Multiprocessing OS:
A multiprocessing OS can support the execution of multiple processes at the same time. It uses multiple number of CPU. It is expensive in cost however, the processing speed will be faster. It is complex in its execution. Operating system like Unix, 64 bit edition of windows, server edition of windows, etc. are multiprocessing.

3. Multiprogramming OS:
In a multiprogramming OS more than one programs can be used at the same time. It may or may not be multiprocessing. In a single CPU system , multiple program are executed one after another by dividing the CPU into small time slice.
example: Windows, Mac, Linux,etc.

4. Multitasking OS:
In a multitasking system more than one task can be performed at the same time but they are executed one after another through a single CPU by time sharing. For example: Windows, Linux, Mac, Unix,etc.
Multitasking OS are of two types:

Pre-empetive multitasking
Co-operative multitasking

In the pre-empetive multitasking, the OS allows CPU times slice to each program. After each time slice, CPU executes another task. Example: Windows XP
In co-operative multitasking a task can control CPU as long as it requires . However, it will free CPU to execute another program if it doesn’t require CPU. Exaample: windows 3.x, multifinder,etc.

5. Multithreading:
A program in execution is known as process. A process can be further divided into multiple sub-processers. These sub-processers are known as threads. A multi-threading OS can divide process into threads and execute those threads. This increases operating speed but also increases the complexity. For example: Unix, Server edition of Linux and windows.

6. Batch processing:
A batch processing is a group of processing system in which all the required input of all the processing task is provided initially. The result of all the task is provided after the completion of all the processing. Its main functions are:

Multiple task are processed
User cannot provide input in between the processing
It is appropriate only when all the inputs are known in advance
It requires large memory
CPU ideal time is less
Printer is the appropriate output device
It is old processing technique and rarely used at present

7. Online processing:
It is an individual processing system in which the task is processed on individual basis as soon as they are provided by the user. It has features like:

Individual task is processed at a time
User can provide input in between processing
It is appropriate when all inputs ate not known in advance
It doesn’t require large memory
CPU ideal time is more
Monitor is appropriate output device
It is modern processing technique and mostly used in present

IBM PC and IBM Compatible

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

IBM PC	IBM Compatible
The computers designed as well as developed by IBM Corporation are called IBM PC.	The computers which are designed by IBM but manufactured by companies other then IBM are called IBM Compatibles.
It is also known as original or branded IBM.	It is also called assembled ot duplicate IBM.
It is expensive but reliable compared to IBM Compatible.	It is cheaper but less reliable than IBM PC.
It is usually used by large organization which can afford high cost and requires high security.	It is ususally used by small organization which cannot afford high cost and higher security is not required.
Eg:- IBM Desktop, IBM 1401, IBM laptop.	Eg:- HP laptop, Dell notebooks.

Application Package | Computer Science | HSEB Notes

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Detailed notes to follow:

1. Word processor

Use & Character
Examples
Some Important Terms Used: Thesaurus, speller, mail merge

2. Spread sheet

Use & Character
Examples
Some Important Terms Used: Relative cell reference, absolute cell reference

3. Presentation

Use & Character
Examples

Introduction To Computer

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

- Characteristics/Features of Computer

Speed
Accuracy
Reliability
Storage Capacity
Word Length
Diligence
Versatile
Automatic
Electronic
Non-intelligent

- Application Areas of Computer

Education
Communication
Business
Transportation
Banking
Helth
Security
Industry
Scientific Research
Entertainment
Weather Forecasting
Desktop Publishing
Designing
Satellite Controlling

- Aviation

Capabilities & Limitations of Computer
Advantages & disadvantages of Computer
History of Computer

- Mechanical Age

Abacus
Stepped Reckoner (Leibniz Calculator)
Napier Bone
Difference Engine
Slide Rule
Analytical Engine
Pascaline
Tabulating Machine

- Electro Mechanical Age

MARK-I [Also known as ASCC (Automated Sequence Controlled Calculator)
MARK-II
ABC (Atanasoft Berry Computer)

- Electric Age

ENIAC
EDAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC

Some Important Persons
o Joseph Jaquard
o Charles Babbage
o George Boole
o Herman Hollerith
o Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

Computer XI Notes

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

General

Introduction to Computer

Classification of Computer

Language/Software

Language/Software

Communication and Computer Network

Communication and computer network

Generation of computer

Generation of computer

Classification of Computer

Number System

Boolean Algebra

Boolean Algebra

Computer System

Operating System

Programming Concept

Application Package

Spread Sheet

Features of Microsoft Excel

Presentation

Internet

Remaining/Extras:

Features of Microsoft Excel

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

1. Add header and footer
MS Excel allows us to keep the header and footer in our spreadsheet document.

2. Find and replace command
MS Excel allows us to find the needed data (text and numbers) in the workbook and also replace the existing data with a new one.

3. Password protection
This feature of MS Excel allows the user to protect their workbooks by using a password from unauthorized access to their information.

4. Data filtering
Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and work with a subset of data in a range. A filtered range displays only the rows that meet the criteria you specify for a column. MS Excel provides two commands for filtering ranges:

AutoFilter; which includes filter by selection, for simple criteria
Advanced Filter; for more complex criteria

5. Data sorting
Data sorting is the process of arranging data in some logical order. MS Excel allows us to sort data either in ascending or descending order.

6. Built-in formulae

MS Excel has got many built-in formulae for sum, average, minimum, etc. We can use those formulae as per our needs.

7. Create different charts (Pivot Table Report)

MS Excel allows us to create different charts such as bar graph, pie- charts, line graphs, etc. This helps us to analyze and compare data very easily.

8. Automatically edits the result

MS Excel automatically edits the result if any changes are made in any of the cells.

9. Formula auditing

Using formula auditing feature of MS Excel, we can graphically display or trace the relationships between cells and formulas with blue arrows. We can trace the precedents (the cells that provide data to a specific cell) or the dependents (the cells that depend on the value in a specific cell)

Email Service

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Email service is used for transmitting electronic or soft-copy documents, message by using electronic devices like computer, computer network, internet, etc. present e-mail service is based on stored and forward concept i.e. email sent by the sender is stored in email server before forwarding it to the receiver. It doesn’t require the sender and receiver to be connected at the same time. Traditionally, the older concept of email required both sender and receiver to be connected at the same time.
It uses protocols like SMTP, POP, IMAP, etc.

Features of e-mail:

It is faster and cheaper medium of communication.
It is reliable.
It is secured communication.
It can be used for transmitting text, image, audio, video.
Same message can be sent to multiple users at the same time by using CC (Carbon Copy) and BCC (Blind Carbon Copy).
It may or may not use internet directly.

Types:

Web based email
POP email service

1. Web based email:
It is the internet based mailing system. It requires internet connection and a browser to send or receive the message. Email providers like hotmail.com, yahoo.com, gmail.com, etc. provide internet based email. It is the most widely used email service.

2. POP email service:
This email service is provided by local email or network providers. It requires connection to the e-mail provider and email client software like:

Outlook express
Thunderbird
Eudora
Kmail, etc.

It can be used from the system with email client software and proper setting to connect email providers.

Communication Port

Computer 11 Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

It is a hardware device used for connecting peripherals devices with the computer. It has major functions like:

Connecting peripheral devices.
Transmitting data to and fro from peripheral devices.
Providing electrical power to the small peripheral devices.

Some of the communication ports used are:

- Serial port
It is used for connecting slow speed devices like keyboard, mouse, etc. It also provides electrical power supply to these devices. It cam transmit 1 bit data at a time.

- Parallel port
It is used for connecting medium speed devices like monitor, printer, etc. It can transmit 8 bit data at a time.

- USB (Universal serial bus)
USB is the common interface developed by multiple hardware developers for supporting large variables of devices. It is used to connect keyboard, monitor, pen drive, etc. It is the most common user interface at present.

- SCSI
It is used for connecting external memory devices like magnetic tape, multiple hard disk, etc.

- IEEE 1394 interface
This interface is used for connecting high speed devices like connecting audio/video equipments, aeronautical devices, medical equipments, etc.

- PCI (Peripheral communications interface)
It is used for connecting peripheral devices like internal modem, internal TV card, sound card, graphics card, etc with the computer. It is available in the mother board.