TyroCity: NRB Computer Notes

IT Policy of Nepal and NRB

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

IT Policy of Nepal (2057/2067)
Objectives

To make information technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means.
To build a knowledge based society.
To establish knowledge based industries.

IT Policy

To declare information technology sectors a prioritized sector.
To follow a single door system for the development of information technology.
To prioritize research and development of information technology.
To create a conducive environment that will attract investment in the private sector, keeping in view the private sector’s role in the development of information technology.
To provide internet facilities to all Village Development committees of the country in phases.
To render assistance to educational institutions and encourage native and foreign training as a necessity of fulfilling the requirement of qualified manpower in various fields pertaining to information technology.
To computerize the records of each governmental office and build websites for them for the flow of information.
To increase the use of computers in the private sector.
To develop physical and virtual information technology park in various places with the private sector’s participation for the development of information technology.
To use information technology to promote e commerce, e education, e health, among others, and to transfer technology in rural areas.
To establish National Information Technology Centre.
To establish a national level fund by mobilizing the resources obtained from His Majesty’s Government, donor agencies, and private sectors so as to contribute to research and development of information technology and other activities pertaining to it.
To establish venture capital funds with the joint participation of public and private sectors.
To include computer education in the curriculum from the school level and broaden its scope.
To establish Nepal in the global market through the use of information technology.
To draft necessary laws that provides legal sanctions to the use of information technology.
To gradually use information technology in all types of governmental activities and provide legal sanctions to its uses in such activities.

IT Policy of Nepal (2072)

Human Resource
ICT in education, research & development
Promoting public access and content development
Developing the ICT Industry Sector
ICT for Government service innovation and good governance
ICT in SMEs & promotion of e- Commerce
Telecommunications Infrastructure
Convergence of Telecommunications, ICTs and broadcasting
ICT in Agriculture
ICT in Health
ICT in Tourism
Telecommunication and ICTs in mitigating the impact of Climate Change
ICT in Environment and natural resources
Telecommunications/ICTs for natural disaster preparedness, mitigation and relief
Human Exposure to electromagnetic fields and safe disposal of electronic waste
Conformance, Interoperability and Standards
in Telecommunications/ICTs
Cloud Computing
Access to Telecommunications/ICTs for rural and remote areas
Access to Telecommunications/ICTs services for persons with disabilities and specific needs
ICTs for Youth, women and girls
Building Confidence and Security in the use of ICTs

NRB IT Policies (2068)

Ensure efficient, effective and economic IT operation by implementing appropriate IT System
Maintain well structured, secured physical layout of its IT infrastructure with proper documentation
Maintain multilevel security for Information
Implement IT system audit
Develop, implement and maintain data backup and recovery policy
Establish and maintain efficient, effective and economic Disaster Recovery (DR) System as an instrument to “Fail Safe System” with minimum down time. Also, develop and maintain Business Continuity Plan (BCP)
Develop and implement IT Outsourcing and Third Party involvement mechanism
Maintain uniform and legitimate IT infrastructure in all its offices
Provide IT directives to licensed Banks and Financial Institutions
Set a standard for IT procurement and shall be reviewed based on technological development
Promulgate “NRB IT Code of Conduct” for proper usage of NRB IT resources
Strengthen IT capacity building of employee

NRB Guidelines (2012)

IT Governance
Information Security
Information Security Education
Information Disclosure and Grievance Handling
Outsourcing Management
IT Operations
Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Implementation
Business Continuity And Disaster Recovery Planning
IS Audit
Fraud Management

Electronic Transaction Act (2063/2064)
Procedures of Electronic Record and Generation and Security of Digital Signature

To Certify Electronic Record
Verification of Digital Signature
Secured Electronic Signature and Record
Quality Standard Concerning Information Technology to be maintained by the Certifying Authority
Receipt of Acknowledgement of Electronic Record
Time of Receipt of the Electronic Record

Some Questions

What are the major focuses of IT Policy of Nepal Government?
List and explain the IT Guidelines of Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB).
What are the major focuses of IT Policy of NRB ?

Questions & Answers
Explain the development of IT policy in Nepal and highlight the current status of IT in Nepal.

Current Status:

Banking and Tele Communication Industry are moving towards to
Automation
The Government including Ministries are prioritizing usage of IT and ICT
to their daily work
Government has introduced e Governance system to the public like as:
Smart License System, National Identity Card, Digitization of Land and mapping system, etc.
The concept of SMART City is emerging
Universities are prioritized their teaching and learning methodologies
through IT and ICT
In other service sector like as Hospital, Home Ministry, Health Ministry prioritizing to use the IT and ICT.
Software companies are emerged and developed
So on……

What are the significant amendments made in the IT policy 2072 from IT policy 2067.

Explain the major provisions of IT policy in Nepal and suggest some improvement to be done in such policies

Suggestions
i) Deployment
ii) Implementation
iii) Evaluation time to time

Internet

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction
The Internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting millions of computers. A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. Connection of millions of Domain (org, net, gov , mil, edu , com) and Public Network.The Internet is the largest computer network ,The Internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting millions of in the world, connecting millions of computers. A network is a group of two or computers. A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. more computer systems linked together. Internet is defined as international network Internet is defined as international network that integrates the computer to form a that integrates the computer to form a global network structure. So it is also called global network structure. So it is also called the network of various networks. Now a the network of various networks. Now a day, it is very essential for all types of day, it is very essential for all types of business, academic institution, hospitals, business, academic institution, hospitals, banks etc. banks etc.

Business Use of Internet

Information
e-Mail
Communication
Entertainment
Education
Research
Marketing
Training

Intranet
The private network structure is intranet. It may exist as LAN or WAN or other form. But it is secured isolated private network structure.

Benefits of an Intranet

Publishing
Document Management
Training
Workflow
Front-end to corporate systems
Email
Better internal communications
Sharing of resources and best practice
Improved customer service
Reduction in paperwork

What is Extra-net?
An extranet is similar to an intranet but it is made accessible to selected external partners such as business partners, suppliers, key customers, etc , for exchanging data and applications and sharing information. As with an intranet, an extranet can also provide remote access to corporate systems for staff who spend lots of time out of the office, for instance those in sales or customer support or home workers.

e-Mail

“electronic mail,” is the process of sending and receiving messages over the Internet
e-Mail Address contains: Name and Domain Name
For eg. ram@ntc.net.np here, ram is name and ntc.net.np is domain.

Business Application of Computer Networks

Some Questions

What is Internet? What are the different types of services provided by the Internet?
Differentiate between Internet and Intranet?
What is e Mail ? What is the use of e mail in modern days?
What is social media? Why it is important in these days?

Computer Networks

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction

Computer Network is a group of two or more computers linked together.
Connected by various mediums like cables, wireless adapters etc.
Share common resources.

A collection of distributed, intelligent machines that shares data and information through interconnected lines of communication is called networking. When two or more computers are brought together in connection with cable or without cable, which may extend with in a limited room or to the entirely world, the computers are said to be network connection.

Devices required for computer Networking:

Computers
NIC (Network cards)
Communication Media
Network connecting devices
Signal Conversion devices
Communication Software

The Importance/Advantage of Computer Networks

Sharing of devices such as printer and scanner.
Sharing of Program/software.
Sharing of Files.
Sharing of Data.
Sharing of Information.
Sharing of Single high- speed internet connection.
Can access server centered database.
Better communication using internet services such as email, mailing list and Internet Related Chat (IRC).

Types of Computer Networks

Local Area Network
A local area network is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of technology used, a LAN can be as simple as two PCs and printer in someone’s whole office, or it can extend throughout a company and include voice, sound, and video peripherals.

Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a means of connecting a number of LAN’s into a larger network so that resources may be shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device.

Wide Area Network
The term Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to describe a computer network spanning a regional, national or global area. For example, for a large company the head quarters might be at Kathmandu and regional branches at Pokhara , Biratnagar , Dharan , Butwal etc.

Protocol
The standard rules and regulation of the networking system is called the protocol . The most common communication protocols are:

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
POP (Post Office Protocol)
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)

TCP/IP
Most common communication protocol used to establish communication between different host, node, segment and operating system. It uses an IP address to identify the computer/system/node on the network system. IP Address: Numeric value like as: 192.168.0.21.

Some Web Terms

Web Browser
URL
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
Domain
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Search Engine
Social Media

Top Level Domain
Extension : Meaning
.com : A company or business
.org : A non-profit institution
.gov : Governmental Agency
.mil : Military
.edu : Educational institution
.net : ISP or Network Provider

NRB: Computer

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction

Hardware and Software

Windows

Windows

Database Management System

Database

Computer Networking

Information System

Information System

Core Banking System

Core Banking System

Information Security

Basic Computer Terminologies

IT and ICT in Banking

IT and ICT in Banking

Database

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Database
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric and images.

Data Storage Hierarchy

Level 0	Bit A	Single binary digit (0 or 1)
Level 1	Character	Multiple related bits are combined to form a character (byte)
Level 2	Field	Multiple related characters are combined to form a field
Level 3	Record	Multiple related fields are combined to form a record
Level 4	Table	Multiple records are combined to form a table
Level 5	Database	Multiple related tables are integrated to form a database

Components of Database System
Users- People who interact with the database:

Application Programmers
End Users
Data Administrators

Software- Lies between the stored data and the users:

DBMS
Application Software
User Interface

Quality of Information

Accuracy
Times
Relevancy
Completeness

Database Application

MS – Access
My-SQL
SQL
Oracle

Why to use DBMS?

Data Independence
Efficient Data Access
Data Integrity
Data Administration
Concurrent Access and Crash Recovery
Reduced Application Development Time

Database Management System

A database management system (DBMS ) is a collection of software programs that allow a user to define the data types, structures, and constraints for the data; construct permanent storage for the data; and manipulate data by query and update operations. In the specific case of relational databases, the database management software is known as a relational database management system RDBMS.

Database Model
A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model, which uses a table based format.

Hierarchical Model
In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree like structure , implying a single parent for each record. A sort field keeps sibling records in a particular order. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early mainframe database management systems.

Network Model
The network model expands upon the hierarchical structure, allowing many to many relationships in a tree like structure that allows multiple parents. It was most popular before being replaced by the relational model.

Relational Model
A relational database contains multiple tables, each similar to the one in the “flat” database model. One of the strengths of the relational model is that, in principle, any value occurring in two different records (belonging to the same table or to different tables), implies a relationship among those two records. A key that can be used to uniquely identify a row in a table is called a primary key. Keys are commonly used to join or combine data from two or more tables.

Object Oriented Model
The object oriented programming paradigm was applied to database technology, creating a new database model known as object databases for storing objects in a database.

Advantages of DBMS

Make an easy to add new data.
Make easy to modify (change) the database.
Make easy to delete existing data.
Organized the data in proper sequence.
It reduces the data redundancy to a large extent.
It can control data inconsistency to a large extent.
Make easy to access the data for the user.
Allow multiple users to be active at one time; data in the database may be shared among several users.
Protecting data against unauthorized access (security).
Allow for growth in the database system.

Disadvantages of DBMS

Complex to understand and implement
Costly
Too many rules
Fast changing technology
Chance of losing the data
Chance of data leakage and hacking
Unavailability of trained manpower.

Data Security

Encryption
Strong User Authentication
Backup Solutions
Firewall

Some Questions

What is Database? What is the use of Database in Bank?
What is Database Management System? What are the different types of Database model?
What types of database model is used on modern banking system? Justify your answer.

Information Security

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

5 Challenges of Internet of Things ( IOT )

Security
Privacy
Standards
Regulation
Development

Security Threats in Bank

Mobile Banking Risks
Social Networks and Web 2.0
Malware, Botnets and DDoS Attacks
Phishing
ACH Fraud: Corporate Account Takeover
Cloud Computing
Inside Attacks
First-Party Fraud
Skimming

Information Security
Information Security refers to the processes and methodologies which are designed and implemented to protect print, electronic, or any other form of confidential, private and sensitive information or data from unauthorized access, use, misuse, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption.

Techniques

Encryption
Authentication
Firewall
Other Security

Encryption

Encryption is the conversion of electronic data into another form, called cypher text , which cannot be easily understood by anyone except authorized parties.

Authentication
The process or action of proving or showing something to be true, genuine, or valid .

Types:

User Authentication
Machine Authentication

Firewall

A firewall is a network security system, either hardware or software based, that uses rules to control incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Data Center Security Design

Data Centers

Some Questions

What is Information Security? What are the techniques of Information Security?
Why it is required to maintain multilevel security in bank?

Hardware

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Hardware
It is Physical Component of a System.

Main Computer Components

Hardware Components

We can categorize hardware components into three broad categories:
Input devices
CPU, the Central Processing Unit and
Output devices
Storage devices or Secondary Memory [For Backup]

Types of Storage devices
i) Primary Storage

Read-only Memory (ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)

ii) Secondary Storage

Punching Device
Magnetic Tape
Floppy Disk
Optical Disk
Hard Drive
Flash Disk

RAM and ROM

Main Memory
The Main memory of a computer is used to store programs and data. The processor cannot store the whole program and needs its main memory to store the parts of the program.

Types of Main Memory

Random Access Memory
The program is stored Temporarily while the computer is on. The contents of RAM is lost when the computer is switched off.

Read Only Memory

The data and programs are stored Permanently.

Secondary Memory/External Memory
Floppy Disk, Hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, Zip Disk, Jaz Drive, WORM, magnetic tapes etc are secondary memories used to store data. These memories are also called backup memory because these memories are used to store data for future application. Nowadays, operating system, and other software, business data and information are stored in CD ROM.

Some Questions

What do you mean by hardware? What types of devices are used in bank to keep the record of customer?
Differentiate between primary memory and secondary memory.
What is the use of secondary memory in bank?

Software

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Definition
Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that performs different tasks on a computer system. In contrast to hardware, software “cannot be touched”.

Classification
Based on Working Principle: Two Classes

System Software
Application Software

Based on Commercial perspective

Commercial Software
Freeware/Open Source
Shareware

Application Software

An operating system OS ) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function. Firmware is a software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device.

Tasks of Operating System

Difference Between Client Operating System and Network Operating System

Introduction to Windows OS
Windows is Microsoft’s flagship operating system, the de facto standard for home and business computers. The GUI based OS was introduced in1985 and has been released in many versions since then, as described below. Microsoft got its start with the partnership of Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975. Gates and Allen co developed Xenix (a version of Unix ) and also collaborated on a BASIC interpreter for the Altair 8800. The company was incorporated in 1981. Microsoft became famous with the release of MS DOS, a text based command line driven operating system.

Introduction to UNIX OS
UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops. UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft Windows which provides an easy-to-use environment. However, knowledge of UNIX is required for operations which aren’t covered by a graphical program, or for when there are no windows interface available, for example, in a telnet session.

Introduction to Linux OS
Linux is an operating system or a kernel. It is distributed under an open source license. Its functionality list is quite like UNIX. Linux is an operating system or a kernel which germinated as an idea in the mind of young and bright Linus Torvalds when he was a computer science student. He used to work on the UNIX OS (proprietary software) and thought that it needed improvements.

Types of Operating System

Batch operating system
Time-sharing operating systems
Distributed operating System
Network operating System
Real Time operating System

Batch operating system
The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator.

Time-Sharing Operating System
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multi-programming. Processor’s time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.

Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

Network Operating System
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.

The advantages of network operating systems are as follows

Centralized servers are highly stable.
Security is server managed.
Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

Real Time Operating System
A real time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Utility Software
Utility Software is a collection of those programs that helps the programmer in performing some specific tasks to reduce the overall programming effort of the programmer. It also provides a useful service to the user of the computer by providing facilities for performing common tasks such as data transfer, search and merge of files, data and file recovery, diskette management, disk cleaner, disk derangement, system restore, anti virus, etc. It is also known as House Keeping Utilities or Service Programs.

Some Questions

What is Operating System? What are the different types of OS? List and explain.
What types of OS are used in banking system?
What are the functions of OS?

Application Software
Application Software utilizes the capacities of a computer directly to a dedicated task. Application Software is able to manipulate text, numbers and graphics.

Application Software can be categorized into
a) Tailored Software and
b) Packaged Software.
Tailored Software is that software that are specially designed and developed to solve specific job or task. For examples, school billing system, result processing system, printing of certificate, etc. Packaged Software is that software that is generalized set of programs designed and developed for the general purpose. For examples, producing bill or payment, accounting package, office package, etc. The most popular package software is Microsoft Office, Adobe Package, Tally, Fact, etc.

Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office is an office suite of desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems, introduced by Microsoft on August 1, 1989. First version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Most Common Microsoft Office Applications

Word – Words processing and mailings.
Publisher- Brochures, signs, cards, images etc.
PowerPoint- Presentations and Slideshows.
Excel- Spreadsheets, tables and mailings.
Access- Database Creation and management.
Outlook- Professional email and personal information manager.

MS – Word
Word Processor is a Software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs.

Features of MS – Word

Formatting Text
Formatting Paragraph
Inserting Table, Word Art, Foot Note, Header, Footer, Page Number, Citation etc.
Defining Heading
Break • Generating Table of Content, Bibliography etc.
Mail Merge,
Page Setup and Printing

MS – Excel
MS Excel is used to store and analyze statistical and financial data.
Main Features

Auto Function
Usage of Formula
Usage of Functions
Producing Charts
Coping and Moving data/charts to other application (MS Word/MS PowerPoint)

MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint is used to prepare PPT Slides of any content. By using MS PowerPoint we can add following effects:

Slide Transition
Slide Animation
Hyperlink
Audio/Video
Designing
Copying Data from other applications
Header/Footer/Date/Time etc.

MS Access
Microsoft Access is a Database Management System (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications.

Features of MS – Access

Tables
Queries
Forms
Reports

MS Outlook
Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. Often used mainly as an e Mail, application, it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, notebook, journal, and web browsing.

Some Questions

Define the term software. What are the different types of software? Explain in details.
What is Application Software? Why the bank use customized software?
Differentiate between System Software and Application Software.
Explain in details about MS Office.
Differentiate between hardware and software.

Windows

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction
Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft, with some common business applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel has become a de facto “Standard” for individuals in most corporations and home.

Components of Windows

Desktop
Desktop Icons
Start Menu Program
Taskbar
Control Panel
User Management
Device Manager
Programs, etc.

Interface

Some Keyword
Windows Key + R = Run

Windows Key + E = Explorer

Alt + F4 = Close

Run: winword (To open MS Word)

Run: excel (To open MS Excel)

Run: powerpnt (To open MS Power Point)

Run: control (To open Control Panel)

Run: fonts (To open fonts)

Run: dxdiag (To view System Information)

Run: C: (To open C:>)

Run: temp or %temp% ( To view temp. file)

MS-DOS
Run: cmd (To go on Command Mode)

C:> dir (To display the files and folders)

C:> dir/ah (To Display the hidden files and folders)

C:> Date (To View Current Date)

C:> Time (To View Current Time)

C:> MD DN (DN=Directory (Folder) Name, To Create Folder)

C:> CD DN (To Enter inside folder)

C:> CD.. (To exit from folder)

C:> RD DN (To Delete folder)

C:> Copy Con FN (FN=File Name, To Create File) : add some content and save it by pressing ctrl+z and do Enter

C:> Type FN (To open the file)

C:> Edit FN (To edit file)

C:> Del FN (To Delete file)

C:> CLS (To Clear Screen)

C:> ipconfig (To view IP address)

C:> ipconfig/all (To view details of IP address)

C:>D:(To change the drive or path from C:> to D:>)

C:> Exit (To Close Command Mode)

Difference Between GUI and CUI

Some Questions

What do you mean by Windows? What are the components of Windows?
Differentiate between CUI and GUI.

Core Banking System

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction
A core banking system is the software used to support a bank’s most common transactions. Elements of core banking include: Making and servicing loans. Opening new accounts. Processing cash deposits and withdrawals.

Core Banking Software
Banking and financial sectors all around the world have embraced ICT to facilitate their customers with efficient services and innovative products through multichannel. The central engine that runs the core operations of the banking and financial institution is the Core Banking Software (CBS).

Overview

The CBS evolved in the 1970s and has gone through different significant changes over time; the recent CBS has the capacity of real time processing and multi channel integration (Kreća & Barać, 2015). The fundamental function of CBS is to perform deposit and lending in a bank (Chairlone, 2009). Abbate (1999) defined a core banking system as “a back end system that processes daily banking transactions, and posts updates to accounts and other financial records.”

Level of Core Banking Software

CORE BANKING

Sum total of all information technology components that enable a bank to manage its core business activities in a centralized model
Round the clock processing of all the products, services and information of a bank.
24/’7/365 Model

Basic Components

Banking Application Software
Hardware Components
Network Infrastructure
Centralized Data Processing

Application Areas

Balance of payments and withdrawal are done.
Mobile banking
Internet banking
ATM’s
Recording of transactions
Passbook maintenance
Interest calculations on loans and deposits
Customer records

Need of CBS

To meet the regulations.
To meet the changing market dynamics
To meet the demands of customers
To enhance efficiency and effectiveness
To provide better and fast service
To increase the value of bank on the market
To increase customer satisfaction
To increase profit

Challenges and Barrier
1.Cost

Software
Technology
Training
Implementation

2.Change Accept

Challenges of CBS Implementation

Functionality (Capability of software to meet requirements and expectations)
Reaching unanimity within the organization on what is needed
Cost and Financial Terms
Ability of the business to adjust to the new system
Availability of skilled personnel
Vendor capabilities and credentials
System Flexibility
Data migration
User-friendliness of User Interface

Managerial Implications
The managers need to consider all three sources of challenges while choosing, implementing, and upgrading CBS. In the case of software, the most challenging part is CBS’ user interface and user-friendliness. If the user interface is complex and non-user friendly, it may result in poor performance of the users and virtually of the CBS. The second essential factor is the CBS’ functionality; whether it is meeting all the needs of the bank it promised to meet. The most important vendor related challenge is vendor capability and credential. As most of the Banks use the foreign CBS, which is very complex. Vendor support is essential to fix bugs, training, and maintenance. In the case of management related challenges, the managers always need to look for skilled personnel, who knows and can run the CBS.

List of CBS Applications

Infosys Finacle
Oracle Financial Services Software by Oracle Corporation
Fiserv Banking Solutions
Canopus EpaySuite by Canopus Innovative Technologies
Fidelity National Information Services (FIS)

Some Questions

What is Core Banking System (CBS)? What are the components of CBS?
What is the use of CBS in bank?
What do you mean by CBS? What are the components of CBS? What are the challenges to implement CBS in the context of Nepalese banking sector?

Information System

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

Introduction

An Information System is a man made system that facilitates an organization’s operational functions and supports management decision making by providing information that managers can use to plan and control the activities of the firm.

Components of Information System

Management Information System

Functional Areas

Kinds of Information System

Operational Support

Some Questions

What is Information System? Explain with its components.
What is the use of IS in Bank?
Define the term MIS. What are the different types of MIS used in banking system to automate the banking activities?

Computer Basics Terminology

NRB Computer Notes — Sun, 08 Apr 2012 05:41:42 +0000

COMPUTER BASICS – TERMINOLOGY

Application– A computer program that does specific tasks such as word processing or spreadsheets.

Bit – Represents a binary digit which is the amount of information obtained by asking a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question. This is also the smallest unit of information stored on a computer as a 0 or 1.

Blinking Cursor – This is a vertical blinking bar that locates the position on the screen where text can be inserted or deleted. This appears most frequently in text or dialog boxes.

Byte – Data is stored on a computer in Bytes. A byte is one character, which may be a number or letter. A byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits.
1,000 bytes = 1 kilobyte (K or KB)
1,000 KB = 1 megabyte (MB)
1,000 MB = 1 gigabyte (GB)
1,000 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB)

Cache - This is a type of memory and is similar to RAM. Cache is used by the computer to move data between the RAM and CPU.

CD-ROM – A removable disk that stores data. A CD-ROM can only be read. You cannot record (save) data onto one. You may however record (save) onto a CD-Rewritable disk. This is most often called a CD. A CD looks like a music CD, but contains data instead of music.

Computer – A collection of electronic parts that allow software programs to run that perform certain tasks. A computer can accept input, change data, store data and display data.

CPU – The CPU (central processing unit), is the brain of the computer. New Windows-based programs use a Pentium processor primarily.

Cursor – A synonym for the pointer, which is controlled by the mouse. The cursor may take different shapes.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) – Technology that store more information than a CD-ROM and can be written upon. The disk resembles a CD-ROM but has approximately seven times the storage capacity.

File – A collection of data with a name.

Flash Drive – This is a small portable hard drive that plugs into a USB port and allows you to transport files between different computers. Also called a thumb drive.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) - A program that helps you more easily work with you operating system and application programs by providing pictures and visual clues to help you work. Windows is the GUI on PCs.

Hand Pointer – The cursor changes into a pointing hand when it passes over a hypertext link. This allows connecting directly to the link.

Hard Drive – The place where programs and files are stored in a computer. Also called the Hard Disc. On PCs this is often the c:// drive.

Hard Disc Space – The amount of permanent storage of data measured in bytes. This storage exists whether the computer is on or off.

Hardware – The physical components of the computer. They usually include the; monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard and modem.

Hourglass – This is the symbol that indicates the computer is working to retrieve or send data or locate a webpage.

Hypertext Link – These links are clicked on as text, images or files that open another web page.

Text Hyperlinks are often a different color than the words around them.

I Beam – As the cursor moves over text, the pointer will change into an ‘I.’ This facilitates word processing and copying text. See Blinking Cursor.

I or │

Keyboard – Similar in part to a typewriter keyboard, this is used to key (type) in commands, text and data.

Memory (RAM) – The amount of temporary storage that you can use at one time. Memory stores ends when the computer is shut down. This is the reason that you save work before turning off the computer. Data is saved from RAM to the computer or onto a storage unit, such as a CD.

Modem – This is a way to transfer data through a telephone or cable line generally by the Internet. It may be internal or external. Some modems are used to fax or act as answering machines.

Monitor – Similar to a television screen, the monitor allows you to see the data on your computer.

Motherboard – The circuit board that functioning parts of the computer connect to is the motherboard. The CPU, RAM and cache all plug into the motherboard.

Mouse – A hand-operated device to control the cursor on the screen. The mouse for PCs has two buttons. The button is usually clicked once to select an item on the screen. Double-clicking the left button opens windows or programs.

Multitasking – This describes the ability to do more than one thing at a time. For computer use this means that you may have more than one program open at time in the memory, but only one program can actually be fully active. Inactive programs can be processing data or doing other tasks in the background.

Network – A group of two or more computers linked together.

NIC (Network Interface Card) – A card is put in the computer allowing connection to a network.

Operating System – Directs the computer how to operate. It acts as a mediator between the hardware and the application programs that are used for work. This allows access to computer files, loads application programs into memory and closes programs.

Peripheral – This describes anything that can be attached to the computer input ports, such as; the keyboard, printer, mouse, external modem, scanner or external hard drive.

Pointer – The cursor is a symbol that moves across the screen to identify location. The cursor appears as a pointer when it is moving across a page and not on text.

Port – Connection on the computer that allows input devices like monitors, disk drives, the mouse, or keyboards. Common ports are serial for connecting a modem or a mouse, USB for connecting a scanner, digital camera, Ethernet ports for connecting to a network, and audio in/out ports for connecting to headphones or a microphone.

RAM – See Memory

Resolution – The degree of sharpness, or clarity or what is seen on a computer screen. The resolution is measured by the number of dots (pixels) of color that are displayed across and down the screen. As resolution increases, the size of the characters and images gets smaller, but sharper.

Scanner – A peripheral device that can copy documents, pictures or photographs directly into the computer converting the images into digital files. Images may then be stored or manipulated (changed).

Software – These are the programs (applications) that allow the computer to operate or do certain tasks.

Sound Card – This device allows the computer to reproduce music, sounds and voices. The computer needs a sound card to hear the audio portion of web sites or often to play multimedia games.

Thumb Drive – See Flash Drive

USB Port – The Universal Serial Bus is accessed through small rectangular port on the front or back of computer that allows peripheral devices such as digital cameras and external hard drives to connect to the computer. See Ports for other types of connections.

Video Card – This allows images to be sent to the monitor.