Pygmalion effect is a concept that talks about how expectation is directly correlated with the performance. It talks about how higher the expectation of the leader will influence higher performance of the follower and vice versa. The story behind this theory comes from the Greek mythology where a prince from Cyprus named Pygmalion carves a beautiful sculpture of his concept of a perfect woman, names it Galatea and falls in love. Aphrodite the goddess of love helps him by bringing life to the sculpture showing how positive expectations bring positive output. As mentioned in the Canadian Banker, “It is an interesting psychological phenomenon that people tend to fulfil the expectations that other people have of them. This phenomenon is known as the Pygmalion effect or the self-fulfilling prophecy. The pygmalion effect. (1992)”
This effect can be seen in our own university where the passing grade has been set for a GPA of 3.33 or B+. This high expectation is targeted to yield higher performance from the students. If the expectation was low then the students would slack off and not perform up to their highest standard. The expectation even though high is also reachable and so creates a sense of self determination in them to reach that threshold. This is a typical Pygmalion effect in practice.
“Nevertheless, the standards we set for our students can have significant effects on their progress. Research supports the idea that high expectations for students can result in better performance. This phenomenon has been explored extensively and is frequently called a "Pygmalion Effect." Crappell, C., N.C.T.M. (2014)”
Self-determination is also related with motivation that is intrinsic in nature. Self-determination is what drives a person to act and motivates him/her to set goals and work to reach them.
“In short, people who are self-determined are self-initiated, self-directed, and make things happen in their lives. Self-determination is about the competence of young people in engaging in volitional behaviour, and their autonomy in making choices and decisions, which are nurtured in supportive social environments. Hui, Eadaoin K P, PhD, FHKPS,C.Psychol (B.P.S.), & Tsang, Sandra K M, PhD, FHKPS, CPsych, RSW,R.C.P.(. (2012)” Thus self-determination is related more with the person’s psychology and its triggers that result in him/her being more proactive.
“There are three groups of methods that describe self-determination structure in the Russian psychological school of thought: 1) those based on the relation concept, 2) those based on motivation and 3) structural-dynamic. The last type is the most studied. Vorobieva, A. E., & Akbarova, A. A. (2015)”
Basically self-determination has been categorized in 3 headings which are
Autonomy: An individual needs a sense of freedom while working. A freedom to choose the course of action and exercise authority to get to a certain result is known as. Self-determined people want to influence their life by their own action. People who are self-determined perform better in autonomy.
Competency: Self-determined people are competent in nature meaning that they are professional and they know what they are doing. They understand the implication of their action and decisions and thus take them accordingly to determine the outcome in a pre-specified manner. If they lack competency they try and master what they do.
Relatedness: Self-determined people are more social and interact better with people. They are more empathetic in nature. They work better when they can relate more to the goal of the organization.
Organization Citizen Behaviour (OCB) and social loafing are behaviours that are both found in organization. OCB are self-initiated motivation from a person to work more to support the goal of the organization. Social loafing is the opposite of OCB. Social loafing is behaviour where an individual performs less effort to achieve a certain task when they work in a group.
“Both OCB and social loafing are important areas of interest in the understanding of work groups, as these behaviors can significantly impact the performance of organizations. Whereas OCB has generally been accepted as beneficial to organizations, social loafing is a behavior that organizations want to eliminate. (Tan & Tan, 2008)”
Social loafing can be reduced with the help of the following.
Task Interdependence: Task interdependence creates an environment where a lack of performance of one individual is evident to the failure of the group. The individuals see how interdependence works in a group setting and seeing others function motivates him/her to work reducing social loafing. “Because group members must work together, fellow group members easily notice the work behavior of other members, which reduces the tendency for each individual to engage in social loafing. (Tan & Tan, 2008)”
Group Cohesiveness: This talks about how a constituent fells the need to be a member of a group and is motivated by the acceptance of the group. The constituents work harder to support the groups in its endeavour.
Felt responsibility: A sense of responsibility brought out in group setting motivates the constituents to support their team members. This reduces social loafing.
These are some ways how social loafing can be addressed.
References
Tan, H., & Tan, M. (2008). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Social Loafing: The Role of Personality, Motives, and Contextual Factors. The Journal of Psychology , 89-92.
Crappell, C., N.C.T.M. (2014). Practicing the art of stubborness. The American Music Teacher, 63(5), 10-11. Retrieved from search.proquest.com/docview/151649...
Hui, Eadaoin K P, PhD, FHKPS,C.Psychol (B.P.S.), & Tsang, Sandra K M, PhD, FHKPS, CPsych, RSW,R.C.P.(. (2012). Self-determination as a psychological and positive youth development construct. Journal of Alternative Medicine Research, 4(4), 401-410. Retrieved from search.proquest.com/docview/173293...
Vorobieva, A. E., & Akbarova, A. A. (2015). The analysis and perspectives of studying basic and special types of self-determination according to A.L. zhuravlev’s and A.B. kupreichenko’s concept. Psychology in Russia, 8(4), 46-59. doi:dx.doi.org/10.11621/pir.2015.0404
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Pygmalion effect is a concept that talks about how expectation is directly correlated with the performance. It talks about how higher the expectation of the leader will influence higher performance of the follower and vice versa. The story behind this theory comes from the Greek mythology where a prince from Cyprus named Pygmalion carves a beautiful sculpture of his concept of a perfect woman, names it Galatea and falls in love. Aphrodite the goddess of love helps him by bringing life to the sculpture showing how positive expectations bring positive output. As mentioned in the Canadian Banker, “It is an interesting psychological phenomenon that people tend to fulfil the expectations that other people have of them. This phenomenon is known as the Pygmalion effect or the self-fulfilling prophecy. The pygmalion effect. (1992)”
This effect can be seen in our own university where the passing grade has been set for a GPA of 3.33 or B+. This high expectation is targeted to yield higher performance from the students. If the expectation was low then the students would slack off and not perform up to their highest standard. The expectation even though high is also reachable and so creates a sense of self determination in them to reach that threshold. This is a typical Pygmalion effect in practice.
“Nevertheless, the standards we set for our students can have significant effects on their progress. Research supports the idea that high expectations for students can result in better performance. This phenomenon has been explored extensively and is frequently called a "Pygmalion Effect." Crappell, C., N.C.T.M. (2014)”
Self-determination is also related with motivation that is intrinsic in nature. Self-determination is what drives a person to act and motivates him/her to set goals and work to reach them.
“In short, people who are self-determined are self-initiated, self-directed, and make things happen in their lives. Self-determination is about the competence of young people in engaging in volitional behaviour, and their autonomy in making choices and decisions, which are nurtured in supportive social environments. Hui, Eadaoin K P, PhD, FHKPS,C.Psychol (B.P.S.), & Tsang, Sandra K M, PhD, FHKPS, CPsych, RSW,R.C.P.(. (2012)” Thus self-determination is related more with the person’s psychology and its triggers that result in him/her being more proactive.
“There are three groups of methods that describe self-determination structure in the Russian psychological school of thought: 1) those based on the relation concept, 2) those based on motivation and 3) structural-dynamic. The last type is the most studied. Vorobieva, A. E., & Akbarova, A. A. (2015)”
Basically self-determination has been categorized in 3 headings which are
Organization Citizen Behaviour (OCB) and social loafing are behaviours that are both found in organization. OCB are self-initiated motivation from a person to work more to support the goal of the organization. Social loafing is the opposite of OCB. Social loafing is behaviour where an individual performs less effort to achieve a certain task when they work in a group.
“Both OCB and social loafing are important areas of interest in the understanding of work groups, as these behaviors can significantly impact the performance of organizations. Whereas OCB has generally been accepted as beneficial to organizations, social loafing is a behavior that organizations want to eliminate. (Tan & Tan, 2008)”
Social loafing can be reduced with the help of the following.
These are some ways how social loafing can be addressed.
References
Tan, H., & Tan, M. (2008). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Social Loafing: The Role of Personality, Motives, and Contextual Factors. The Journal of Psychology , 89-92.
The pygmalion effect. (1992). Canadian Banker, 99(5), 34-38. Retrieved from search.proquest.com/docview/221449...
Crappell, C., N.C.T.M. (2014). Practicing the art of stubborness. The American Music Teacher, 63(5), 10-11. Retrieved from search.proquest.com/docview/151649...
Hui, Eadaoin K P, PhD, FHKPS,C.Psychol (B.P.S.), & Tsang, Sandra K M, PhD, FHKPS, CPsych, RSW,R.C.P.(. (2012). Self-determination as a psychological and positive youth development construct. Journal of Alternative Medicine Research, 4(4), 401-410. Retrieved from search.proquest.com/docview/173293...
Vorobieva, A. E., & Akbarova, A. A. (2015). The analysis and perspectives of studying basic and special types of self-determination according to A.L. zhuravlev’s and A.B. kupreichenko’s concept. Psychology in Russia, 8(4), 46-59. doi:dx.doi.org/10.11621/pir.2015.0404