Mechanical waves

Waves in pipes and string

Acoustic phenomena

Nature and propagation of light

Electrical circuits

Thermoelectric effects

Chemical effect of current

Application of Biot-Savart Law

Application of Ampere’s Law

Helmholtz’s Coil

Helmholtz’s Coil

Magnetic properties of materials

Electromagnetic Induction

Alternating Currents

Electrons and Photons

Solids and semi-conductor devices

Quantization of energy

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear energy and other sources of energy

Particle physics and cosmology

Universe – Hubble law; Big bang; Critical density; Dark matter

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Packing Fraction

Packing fraction is defined as the ratio of binding energy and mass number of the nucleus present in the nucleus. Mathematically it can be expressed as, $paking fraction$

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